ARTICLE: The Construct of New Media Works in South India

 

 

 “As¬Áî®N¬Á x°î®¼ š®æq®: wµ²°m©å. Au®± ‘N¯©-š®Ú¡®-xvÃÁǮԒ N®Œµ‡®¾¯u®Û‹ºu® î®±qµÙ x°î®¼ Au®w®±Ý HºuµvS®² wµ²°l®±î® š¯u®ãqµ C©å. Cºq®œ® Aºq®Š®Š¯™ó°‡®± šµï±w¯‹w®ªå š®î®±S®ä „¯Š®q®u® u®³ý®ãN®Œµ‡®±w®±Ý x°î®¼ œµ°Sµ y®ärxvÚ®…ªå‹? œ¯Sµ ¯l®±î¯S®, As®Áî®N¬Á Aºq®œ® Awµ°N® N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý x°î®¼ wµ²°mŠ®±î® š¯u®ãqµ C©åuµ‡®±² Aî®w®±Ý y®ärxvÚ®±î® y®ä‡®±q®Ývºu¯T, ‘u¯QŒ¯r’ Hº… N®Œ¯Crœ¯š®u® y®‹N®Š®î®w®±Ý x°î®¼ œµ°Sµ u¯i œµ²°S®…ªå‹? Cu®± î®±qµ²Ùºu®± ‹°r‡®± ‘Ÿ°Š¯‰±N® w®Šµ°i BS®ª©åîµ?*1* Nµ©î®¼ N®Œ¯ïu®Š®w®±Ý/N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý B‡µ±Ê ¯l®±î® š®©±î¯T î®±qµÙ œ®©î®Š®w®±Ý î®±Šµ‡®±±î® î®±²©N® ‘î®±±Qãx’ X®XµÁ‡®±w®±Ý œ®±iÔœ¯N®±î®¼u®w®±Ý œ¯S®w®±ÝqµÙ°îµ. As®î®, N®Œ¯ Crœ¯š®u® „¯ǵ‡®±ªå œµ°¡®±î®¼u¯u®Šµ †¢‡®±-‡®±±Šµ²°z‡®±w¬-S®ºl®± xu®Á‹›u® ‘u®³ý®ãï°£®n¯ N®äî®±’î®wµÝ° î®±Ÿ¡¯ N®Œ¯ïî®±ý®ÁO‡®¾¯u® x°î®¼ B‡®±±ÛNµ²ºl®ºq¯S®ª©åîµ?” Hº… y®äýµÝ‡®±w®±Ý T°q¯ N®y®½Š®‹Sµ Nµ°¢uµÛ.

 

š®±î®¾¯Š®± Ju¯Š®± î®Ç®ÁS®¡® Ÿºvw® ¯q®± Cu®±. 1999Š® š®±î®¾¯Š®±. BTw® „¯º„µ‡®± Hº.z.›.ï.H (îµ²Ÿ¡¯ y¯‹N¬ šµºhŠ¬ y¯Š¬ ïc±ã‡®±Œ¬ Bg¬éÁ)w® HŠ®l®± vw®u® Kºu®± Aºq®Š®Š¯™ó°‡®± u®³ý®ãN®Œ¯ N®î®±âh. „¯Š®q®u®ªå ‘Aºq®Š®Š¯™ó°‡®± N®î®±âh’u®Šµ w¯Œ¯ÊŠ®± î®±ºv y®Š®uµ°þ° N®Œ¯ïu®Š®±, E¢u® w®²Š¯Š®± cw® „¯Š®r°‡®± N®Œ¯ïu®Š®±, N®Œ¯ …Š®œ®S¯Š®Š®± î®±q®±Ù S¯ã©‹‡®± î®±ºv Kh±ÔS®²l®±î®¼u®±. B w¯Œ¯ÊŠ®± î®±ºv xþÏq®î¯T w®î®±â y®ä„¯î®ý¯ª N®Œ¯î®©‡®±u® šµÝ°Ÿq®Š®± î®±q®±Ù y®äî®±±QŠ®± N®²l®. š®î®±N¯ª°w® t‡®±‹i™‡®±w¬ w¯î®±Áw¬ „µäȶš®w¬, “yµ¶ºiºS¬ Bš¬ Bg¬Á” y®¼š®ÙN® P¯ãr‡®± cî®±Áw¬ N®Œ¯q®q®æb¯Ýx, µ²°î®³u®Ü  ‹X®l¬Á îµ½Œµê¬ î®±±ºq¯u®î®Š®± Aªåu®ÛŠ®±. A®±S®¡µ©å šµÝ°œ®u® wµy®vºu® q®î®±â b¯Ýw® u¯Šµ HŠµ‡®±©± ‘…ºu®î®Šµ°’ œµ²Š®q®± „¯Š®r°‡®± u®³ý®ãN®Œµ‡®± BS®±œµ²°S®±S®¡® …SµÌ r°î®ä xS¯ C‹›, Cªåºu® Iw®w®²Ý ‘y®lµ‡®±±î®’ EuµÛ°ý®vºu® Qºmq® …ºu®î®Š¯TŠ®ª©å.

 

š®î®±N¯ª°w® IÇ®ãu® N®Œµ‡µ±ºu®Šµ Xµ¶w®, cy¯xw® N®Œµ Hºuµ° Aºq®œ®î®Š® S®äŸNµ. N¯Š®o, B‡®¾¯ uµ°ý®S®¡®± ‡®±±Šµ²°y¬, Aîµ±°‹NµS®¡®ªå qµ²l®T›Š®±î® œ®oN¯›w® î¯h±, î®±q®±Ù Aªå œµ²°T, wµŒµ› y®ä„¯î®ý¯ªS®¡¯TŠ®±î® C® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®±. A® ïm‡µ²°-N®Œµ‡®± zq¯î®±œ® w¯î®¾¬ c±w¬ yµ¶N¬, gµ²î®¾¯Nµ² q®N¯œ®þ, ¯‹Nµ² îµ²°‹‡®±ºq®œ® œ®q¯ÙŠ®± î®±ºvSµ „¯Š®q® š®ºb¯q® K…à Axý¬ N®y®½Š¬, Y© N®±î®¾¯‹ …î®±Áw¬ š®‹q®²S®Œ¯Š®Šµ°wµ²°.

 

ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® AºYw®ªå u®³ý®ãN®Œµ‡®± y®‹›Úr‡®± …SµÌ‡µ±° Hº.z.›.ï.H‡®± î®±²Š®± vw®u® X®XµÁ Cu®Ûu®±Û. îµ²u®© vw® „¯Š®q®u® Bu®±xN® î®±q®±Ù š®î®±N¯ª°w® N®Œµ‡®± …SµÌ S®º†Ã°Š® N®Œ¯ïî®±ý®ÁO T°q¯ N®y®½Š¬ šµï±w¯Š¬ yµ°y®Š¬ î®±ºm›u®ÛŠ®±. B š®º…ºu®î¯T‡µ±° A®± Hº.Hš¬.Eîµ±°ý®w® (DS® Eîµ±°ý¬ î®±u®Ûw®œ®¢ë) “As¬Áî®N¬Á”Aw®±Ý (wµŒ¯N®³r)*2* N®±‹q®± ‘u¯QŒ¯r’‡®± Bu¯Š®u® îµ±°Œµ ¯q®w¯mu®ÛŠ®±.

 

Eîµ±°ý¬ N®w¯ÁhN®vºu® î®±²m…ºvŠ®±î® N®Œ¯ïu®. N®w¯ÁhN®u® N®Œ¯ïu®‹S®², N®w¯ÁhN®vºu® …ºu® N®Œ¯ïu®‹S®² î®ãq¯ãš®ïuµ. î®±q®±Ù D î®ãq¯ãš®îµ°wµº…±u®w®±Ý Cw®²Ý ‡®¾¯Š®² q¯ræN®î¯T S®±rÁ›©å. N¯Š®o, N®Œµ‡®± …SµÌ N®w®Ýl®u®ªå, N®w®Ýl®îµº… ‘xï±Ár‡®±’ î®±±Pµ°w® …Šµ‡®±±î® A„¯㚮 š¯Ÿq®ãî®w®±Ý N®±‹q¯u® …Š®î®pSµ‡®± ¯u®‹‰±ºu® …ºu®ºq®œ®u®±Û.*3* Aªå š®Ú¢°‡®±qµS®², Š¯cã ïºS®l®wµS®², „¯ǵS®² š®º…ºu®ïuµ. u®³ý®ãN®Œµ‡®±Œ¯åu®Šµ²° K…à îµ±OéNµ²u® zÃäu® N¯Œµ²Á, cî®±Áx‡®± bµ²°šµy¬ „¯‡®¾¬é w®î®±â Nµ. N®hy®Þ, œµ„¯àŠ®‹Tºq®©² œµX®±Ï œ®rÙŠ®î¯S®…œ®±u®±, DTw® w®î®±â N®Œ¯ïu®‹Sµ. m. BŠ¬. w¯S®Š¯b¬ œµ°¡®±î® Aºu®Šµ ‘zq®³œ®qµã’‡®± S®±o w®î®±â u®³ý®ãš®³™ÔN®q®ÁŠ®ªå œµX®±Ï. î®±qµ²Ùºuµlµ N®w¯ÁhN®u® œµ²Š®Tu®±ÛNµ²ºl®± N®w®Ýl®u®ªå …Šµu®± b¯Ýw®z°j®š®ÙŠ¯S®±î®¼u®± HÇ®±Ô Aš¯u®ãîµxš®±î®Ç®±Ô N®Ç®Ôîµ½°, Aǵ԰ š®±©„® D Š¯cãu® uµ¶ŸN®î¯T œµ²Š®Tu®±ÛNµ²ºl®² D wµ©u® šµ²S®l®w®±Ý Nµ²wµ‡®±î®ŠµS®² †l®uµ Yräš®±î®¼u®±. Nµ.Nµ.œµ„¯àŠ¬ Jî®q®±Ù î®Ç®Á œ¯S®² Š®Ç®ãu® œµ²Š®Tu®±ÛNµ²ºl®± ¯N¬Á ýµS¯Œ¬ I¡®± u®ý®N®S®¡® N¯© œ¯Sµ š¯vÛ qµ²°‹›u¯ÛŠµ N®²l®.

 

T°q® N®y®½Š®‹Sµ îµ²u®© vw® Nµ°¡®Œ¯u® y®äýµÝSµ Aºu® î®±²Š®wµ vw® Eq®ÙŠ® uµ²Š®Oq®±, wµ°q¯ãq®âN®î¯T, Au®² y®Š®uµ°þ q®cÝŠµ²…àŠ®± B y®äýµÝSµ Eq®ÙŠ®î®w®±Ý Kq¯Ù‰±›‡®¾¯u® îµ±°Œµ. “š®î®±S®ä „¯Š®q®î®w®±Ý y®ärxvÚ®±î® N®Œ¯ïî®±ý®ÁO w¯w®± Hºu®± Ky®ÞŒ¯Šµ. w¯w®± †iÔŠ®…œ®±u¯u® y®äî®±±Q N®Œ¯ïu®‹Sµ w¯w®± c¯ÛŠ®¡¯S®Œ¯Šµ” Hº… Eq®ÙŠ® …ºvq®± š®î®±S®ä „¯Š®q®u® ‘y®äî®±±Q’ N®Œ¯ïî®±ý®ÁN®Š®ªå K…àŠ¯u® Aºu®. ï±N®±Ê¢u®ºqµ Aºq®œ® Š¯™ó°‡®±qµ‡®± …‡®±Nµ‡®±±¡®ë Kºu®± w¯ŒµÊȶu®± î®±ºv ‘š®î®±S®ä „¯Š®q®u® N®Œ¯ïî®±ý®ÁN®’‹Š®…œ®±u®±. œ¯Sµºu®Šµ Cm° uµ°ý®u® DTw® N®Œµ‡®± c¯Û‹‡®±w®±Ý q¯îµ°q¯î¯T îµ±¶îµ±°Œµ H¡µu®±Nµ²ºmuµÛ°îµ Hºu®±Nµ²ºl®î®Š®± Hºu®s®Á. „¯Š®r°‡®± N®Œ¯Crœ¯š® HÇ®±Ô „¯S®ý®:î¯T†iÔuµ Hº…±u®NµÊ Cuµ²ºu®± Eu¯œ®Š®nµ. “N®Œµ q¯w¯T ¯q®w¯l®…©åu®±” Hº… 60Š® u®ý®N®vºu® r°î®äî¯T w®º†Š®±î® …œ®±y¯©± N®Œ¯ïu®Š® w®º†NµSµ T°q¯Š® „¯Ǯo “Au®± œ¯S®©å” Hºu®± š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯T xŠ¯N®‹›u®ºqµ‡®±² BTq®±Ù. Bu®Û‹ºu®Œµ° T°q¯Š® …Š®î®pSµ A®w®±Ý CÇ®Ôy®l®±î®î®‹Sµ AsµºiN¬ Hx›u®Šµ A®w®±Ý N®ºl®Š¯S®u®î®‹Sµ²ºu®± ‘T°qµ²°y®uµ°ý®’îµxš®±î®¼u®±. u®±Š®ºq®îµºu®Šµ, A® …Š®î®pSµ‡®±w®±Ý ¯q®ä y®‹S®p› A® î®ãOÙq®æu® …SµÌ ïýµå°™š®±î® ïý¯© „¯î®î®¼ w®î®±âªå Cw®²Ý œ®±iÔNµ²¡®ëvŠ®±î®¼u®±. w®w®S®ºq®² A® …Š®î®pSµ T°qµ²°y®uµ°ý®îµxš®±î®¼v©å. A® …Š®î®pSµ‡®± ‘š®î®±S®äqµ‡®± …‡®±Nµ’ œ¯S®² ‘y¯ý®æÁwµ²°h’ HŠ®l®² w®w®Sµ î®±±Qãî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Cºq®œ® T°q¯Š® ïî®±ý¯Á ¯u®‹‡®±± …ŸŠ®ºS®Sµ²¡®±ëu®NµÊ î®±²©N¯Š®oî¯u®u®±Û Eîµ±°ý¬w® N®³r.

 

Eîµ±°ý¬ î®±u®Ûw®œ®¢ë N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªåŠ®±î®, N®w¯ÁhN®NµÊ šµ°‹Š®±î® N®Œ¯ïu®. Ÿ°Sµ œµ°¢Nµ²¡®±ëuµ° „µºS®¡®²‹w®ºq®œ® N®lµ Kºu®± î®±²©„®²q®î¯u®îµº…ºq¯Tuµ, Cuµ° S®±ºzSµ šµ°‹u® …œ®±y¯©± N®Œ¯ïu®Š® u®³™Ô‡®±ªå. Aºu®Šµ N®w®Ýl®u® š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå N®±©îµ½ºu®w®±Ý „µš®±Sµ œ¯N®…©å ‘š®Ú¢°‡®±qµ’‡®± S®±o u®³ý®ãN®Œµ‡®±ªå Kºu®± …ŸÇ®Êȳq® N®©Þwµ. œ¯S®² „¹Sµ²°¢N® Hº…±î®¼u®± š®Ú¢°‡®±qµ‡®± ±u®Ü w¯î®± Hº… š®Š®¡®, î®±±S®Ü N®©Þwµ. š®Ú¢°‡®±î¯u® ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý „¹Sµ²°¢N® u®³ý®ã„¯ǵ‡®± X¹N®iÔwµ²¡®Sµ H¡µq®ºvŠ®±î®¼u®± N®w¯ÁhN®u® œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®± N®Œ¯ïu®Š® î®±±Q㚯u®wµ. š®±Šµ°QŠ® “„¯T°Š®t”, NµŠµSµœ¯Š® N®sµ‡®±w¯Ýu®‹›u® D N®Œ¯ïuµ‡®± ïm‡µ²°u®ªå Kºu®± „¯q¬h„¬, Kºu®Ç®±Ô …Sµ…Sµ‡®± œ®²S®¡®±, Kºuµ° ®ôïw¯ãš® œµ²ºvu® C…àŠ®± y¯q®äu¯‹ ›ô°‡®±Š®±, NµŠµSµœ¯Š®u® š¯Š®î®w®±Ý š®ºš¯Š®u® š¯Ýw®u® Nµ²°nµ‡®± X¹N®iÔw®ªå‹› wµ²°l®±î® y®ä‡®±q®Ý. Aºqµ‡µ±° Hº.Hš¬. y®äN¯ý¬ „¯…±Š® î®±²Š®± ïm‡µ²°S®¡®±, ‘AS®¡µ²¡®Tw®’ ïÇ®‡®± Iwµ° CŠ®ª–Sµ²rÙŠ®±î® ¯u®ãî®±S®¡® (ïm‡µ²°/›wµî®±) š¯ºš®ÊȳrN®î¯T S®±rÁ›Š®u® Aºý®S®¡®w®±Ý î®±±Qã ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®w¯ÝTš®±q®Ùîµ. Hw¬.y®¼Ç®Þ¯© š®œ® Z¯‡®¾¯Yq®äu® X¹N®iÔw® ‘œµ²Š®Tw®’ u®³ý®ãS®¡®w®±Ý X¹N®iÔwµ²¡®NµÊ H¡µu®± q®ºu®ºqµ Cu®±. *4*

 

wµ²°hu® …u®©± y®ºXµ°ºvä°‡®± S®äŸNµ:

 

N®w¯ÁhN®u® œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¡® ŸwµÝŒµ Cuµ°. C® y®½î®Áš®²‹S®¡µ²ºvSµ (Yq®äN¯Š®Š®±, þªÞS®¡®±, î®±±u®äoN¯Š®Š®± Cq¯ãv) Kºu®± bµ¶ïN® š®º…ºu® CSµ CŠ®Œµ°„µ°Nµº… x‡®±î®±ï©å. N®w®Ýl® š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå Cvuµ. D As®Áu®ªå D Œµ°Qw®u® î®±²© EuµÛ°ý®îµ° As®Á N®¡µu®±Nµ²¡®±ëq®Ùuµ. N¯©…u®Üî¯u® Crœ¯š®Oʺq® q¯ræN® „µ¡®î®pSµ‡®± u®³™Ô‡®±ªå D Œµ°Qw® î®±²m…Š®„µ°N¯TŠ®©± œ®©î®¼ N¯Š®oS®¢îµ.*** ‘N®w¯ÁhN®u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®±’ Hº… X¹N®h±Ô ‘N®w®Ýl® š¯ŸrS®¡®²’ Hº…Ç®±Ô š®ÞÇ®Ô î¯ãPµãSµ q®w®Ýw®±Ý KTÌ›Nµ²¡®±ëî® Kºu®± xï±Ár. Sµ²rÙ©åu® ®±ÙS®¡®w®±Ý N®Œ¯î®¾¯u®ãî®±î¯T …¡®š®±î¯Tw® ïÇ®‡®± S¹oî¯TŠ®±q®Ùuµ. ®±Ùî®w®±Ý uµ¶w®ºvw® Nµ©š®vºu® †l®±S®lµSµ²¢š®±î®¼u®±. î®±q®±Ù Au®w®±Ý N®Œ¯î®¾¯u®ãî®±î¯T …¡®š®±î®¼u®±. œ¯Sµ ¯l®±î®¼u®± œµ°Sµº… Cr‡®¾¯š®îµ° C©åuµlµ N¯‡®±Áxî®ÁŸš®±î® X®î®±q¯ÊŠ® y®ä‡µ²°Tš®±î®¼u®±’. “J, Bš¬ Cw¬ Cºm‡®±” y®äu®ý®Áw®u®ªå xï±Á›u®Û S®±mªSµ D S®±oïq®±Ù. …‹y¯u®u®ªå …²v, CvÛ©± œ®Š®mu® wµ©u® îµ±°Œµ Ll¯l®±q®Ù, wµ©î®¾¯¢SµT¢u®± „µ²º†w®Š®Tw® î®±wµ‡µ²¡®Sµ œ®S®Ì …¡®› œµ²°T …Š®±î®¼u®± î®±±Qãî¯T yµä°£®N®w®w®±Ý ‘Ay®‹Yq® xï±Ár‡µ²¡®Sµ’ Ll¯mš®±î®¼u¯Tq®±Ù. r¢‡®±u® w®£µ, CŠ®u® y¯u®Š®£µ‡µ²ºvSµ Š®£µ C©åuµlµ w®S®Š®u® î®±ºv Ll¯l®±î®¼v©å. œ®¡µ‡®± „µºS®¡®²‹w® œµºYw® N¯P¯ÁwµS®¡®± Cºq®œ® „®²q®N¯©u® „®²q¯N¯Š®S®¡®±. §°x¬ D „µ²º†w®Š®Tw® î®±wµ‡®± î®±²©N® N®¡µu®±œµ²°u® „µºS®¡®²Š®w®±Ý DTŠ®±î® Auµ° F‹wµ²¡®Sµ y®¼w®Š¬š®³™Ô›u¯ÛŠµ Hºu®Šµ D N®³r‡®± Cq®Šµ š¯u®ãqµS®¢Sµ Ay®X¯Š®îµš®Tu®ºq¯S®±q®Ùuµ. œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®± N®³r‡®±w®±Ý Lu®±î®/S®äŸš®±î® š¯u®ãqµ‡®±w®±Ý ‘š®²Yš®±q®ÙŒµ°’ Au®w®±Ý S®äŸš®©± CŠ®±î® …Š®î®pSµ‡®± Kºu®± …Sµ‡®± xï±Ár‡®±w®²Ý y®‹°£µSµ²l®Ö„µ°N¯S®±q®Ùuµ. œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®³r‡µ²ºu®Šµ²¡®Sµ œ®¡µ Š®²y®xÇ®Õ …Š®î®pSµ‡®± Fw®î®½ q¯¡µœ¯ONµ²ºmŠ®±î®¼u®± Ÿ°Sµ°! N®w¯ÁhN®u® œµ²š®-®±ÙN®³rS®© N®Œ¯ïºrNµ‡®±, AS®©w®±Ý N®±‹q¯u® …Š®î®pSµS®¡®ªå N®ºl®±…Š®u®±. X®ºu®äwµlµ qµ²°Š®Œ¯u® „µh¡®w®±Ý X®ºu®äwµºu®± „¯±î® S®±o Cªåw® …Š®î®pSµS®¢Tuµ. CºTåǬ œ¯S®² N®w®Ýl®u®ªåw® …Š®î®pSµS®¡®± †Ãw®Ý Œµ²°N®NµÊ šµ°‹u®ºq®œ®î®¼. î®±²Š®± u®ý®N®vºu® …Šµ‡®±±rÙŠ®±î® ¯s®Á ‡®¾¯Oîµ²°ïŠ®Ä¾¬…..

 

CS®¡® …SµÌ ïî®±ýµÁ ¯l®±rÙŠ®±î®î®Šµ©å œµXµÏºu®Šµ ‘Bu®±xN®’ ‘N®Œ¯Crœ¯š®’… bµ²°m-q®y®¼ÈÞ î®¾¯u®‹S®¢ºu® Cºq®œ® N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý S®äŸš®±rÙu¯ÛŠµ. îµ²u®©wµ‡®±u¯T D N®³rS®¡µ©å ¯l®w¬ÁTºq®©² Bu®±xNµ²°q®ÙŠ® š®ºu®„®ÁNµÊ š®²N®Ùî¯u®±î®¼. î®±q®±Ù N®Œ¯ Crœ¯š®u® ïî®±ý¯Á y®‹N®Š®u® X¹N®iÔw® œµ²Š®Sµ Cu®±Û, ‘š¯ºš®ÊȳrN® Au®㇮±w® N®äî®±’u® S®äŸNµSµ œµX®±Ï œµ²ºvNµ²¡®±ëq®œ®î®¼. Eu¯œ®Š®nµSµ AX®Áw¯ œ®ºlµ Hº… N®Œ¯ïuµ S¯äzÃN¬ zäºg¬S®¡®w®±Ý y®äu®þÁ›, Au®Šµ²ºvSµ î®±²© ‹Ä±ºN¬ œ¯¡µ‡®±w®²Ý y®äu®þÁ›u®Û š®ºu®„®Á S®äŸš®„µ°N®±. y®Š®š®ÞŠ® š®º…ºu®ï©åu®ºqµ œ¯¡µ‡®± ‘K¡®Tw®’ BN¯Š®î®w®±Ý œ¯S®² ‹Ä±ºOw® ‘K¡®Tw®’ BN¯Š®î®w®²Ý ïî®±þÁš®±q®Ù œµ²°u® ïî®±ýµÁS®¡µ©å N¯î®ã, Šµ°ý®w¬ N¯l¬Á, u®ãO°‡®± ®v Cq¯ãvS®¡®Œµå©å ‘N®sµ’‡®±w®±Ý ¯q®äîµ° œ®±l®±O œµ²°u®ºq¯‡®±±Ù. y®är‡µ²ºu®± î®±±väq® (HYϺS¬) y®är‡®±² Aš®ª Hº… y®är°r CŠ®±î¯S® Aš®ª ‹Ä±ºN¬ œ¯¡µ‡®±w®²Ý bµ²qµSµ q®²S®± œ¯N®±î® EuµÛ°ý®îµ° †Ãw®Ýî¯u®±u®±. š®ºš®Ê‹q® ›wµî®±îµ½ºu®w®±Ý Au®Š® Aš®ºš®Êȳq® (Aw¬Hmgµl¬) Š®²y®î®w®±Ý bµ²qµT‹› qµ²°‹š®±î®ºqµ Cu®±. H©å y®ärS®¡®² Aš®ªS®¡®± Hº… Š®±u®ãî®±‡®± œµ°¢Nµ‡®±±, B©àg¬Á l®²ãŠ®Š¬xºu® BŠ®º„®Sµ²ºl® Jw®²Š®± î®Ç®ÁS®¡® Kºu®± î®±±u®äo š®ºy®äu¯‡®±î®w®±Ý HvŠ®±…vŠ¯u® HŠ®l®± N®w®ÝmS®¡®ªå‹›u®ºq¯‡®±±Ù. ‘Aš®ª’ ¯u®ãî®±îµ „µ°Šµ‡®¾¯TŠ®±î¯S® î®±±u®äo N¯S®u®u® îµ±°ªŠ®±î® î®±±väq® Š®²y¯N¯Š®î®¼ œµ°Sµ CÇ®±Ô v°U®Á N¯© ‘Aš®ª’ Hºu®± y®‹S®pq®î¯Tq®±Ù? N®Œµ‡®±ªå ‘Aš®ªq®w®u®’ mæy¯q®äîµ° AX®Áw® œ®ºlµ‡®± zäºg¬S®¡® î®±±Qã ïÇ®‡®±. Sµ²rÙŠ®±î® ïÇ®‡®± œ¯S®² Au®NµÊ Ay®‹Yq®î¯u® ¯u®ãî®±S®¡µŠ®l®w®²Ý y®Š®š®ÞŠ® HvŠ®±Sµ²¢š®±î®¼uµ° N®w¯ÁhN®u® œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®³rS®© î®±²©„®²q® Bš®OÙ. Eu¯œ®Š®nµSµ AN®Êw® î®X®w®N®²Ê „¯q¬h†àS®² (š®±Šµ°Q), mdhŒ¬ Z¯‡®¾¯Yq®äN®²Ê N®y®¼ÈÞ†¡®±zw® Ÿºv ›wµî®¾¯ N¯©u® w¯m‡®±¡® y®¼w®Š¬wµw®zS®² (Hw¬.y®¼Ç®Þ¯©), œ®¡µ‡®± š®Ú¢°‡®± JŸq®ãî®w®±Ý ïm‡µ²° î®±²©N® uµ°ý¯ºq®Š® œµ²Š®m›Nµ²ºl®± œµ²°S®±î®¼u®N®²Ê (Eîµ±°ý¬) Cºq®œ® Awµ°N® Eu¯œ®Š®nµS®¡®ªå Nµ©î®¼. “î®±u¯㜮w®u® œ¯m’w®ºqµ ý¯›ô°‡®± ›wµî®±u®ºq®œ® N®s®w®î®w®±Ý Nµ©îµ° xï±Ç®S®¡® ïm‡µ²°u®ªå Kºu¯Tš®±î® y®ä‡®±q®Ý (Hº.Hš¬.y®äN¯ý¬ „¯…±)….

 

Aš®ª‡®± Aš®ªq®w®u® y®äýµÝ ›ô°î¯u®u® u®³ý®ã y®äýµÝ‡®±² œ¹u®±. Cu®± š®î®ÁïvÃq®î¯u®, O䇮¾¯q®âN® S®±oîµ° î®±±Qãî¯u® ¯u®ãî®±S®¡µ©åu®Š® ‘wµ¶rN®qµ‡®±w®±Ý’ N®±‹q¯u® y®äýµÝ. Cu®NµÊ î®±qµ²Ùºu®± Eu¯œ®Š®nµ x°m AX®Áw®Š® N®³rS®¢Sµ „µ°Šµ²ºu®± ‹°r y®äîµ°ý® y®lµ‡®±…œ®±u®±. š®±Šµ°Q wµ°y¯¢ N¯S®u® …¡®› O䇮¾¯q®âN® „¹åš¬S®¡®w®±Ý š®³™Ô›u®ÛŠ®±. O䇮¾¯q®âN® Hº…±u®NµÊ œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¡® Crœ¯š®u®ªå HŠ®l®± †Ãw®Ý …Sµ‡®± As®ÁS®¡®±. Kºu®±, Au®Š®ªå Š®²y®xÇ®Õî¯u® ¯l®xÁš¬ S®±o±î® š¯u®ãqµ Cuµ As®î® Au®w®±Ý uµ¶w®ºvw® …u®±Ow®ªå …¡®š®Œ¯S®u®± Hºu®± (y®º£®w®Œ¬ Aw®±ÝqµÙ°î®©å Au®±). AS®¡®w®±Ý š®æh錵Áºmw®ªå î®±qµ²Ù…à N®Œ¯ïuµSµ u®‹› š®±Šµ°Q î®±qµ²Ùºu®± yµ½°gµ²° š®Š®p xï±Á›u®Š®±. AªåSµ îµ²u®©wµ‡®± š®Š®p‡®± š®æ‡®±º-š®ºy®½oÁî¯S®„µ°Ou®Û „¹åš¬S®¡®± N¯©-uµ°ý®S®¡® î®ãq¯ãš®u®ªå î®±qµÙŒµ²å°, î®±qµ²Ùºu®± Z¯‡®¾¯Yq®äš®Š®pSµ ‘ïÇ®‡®±’î¯T q®w®Ý y®½oÁqµ‡®±w®±Ý N®¡µu®±Nµ²¡®ë„µ°N¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Aºu®Šµ, Cºq®œ® w®ï°w® N®Œ¯q®âN® œ®ºq®u®ªå AX®Áw®Š® ‹Ä±ºN¬ œ¯¡µ œ¯S®² š®±Šµ°QŠ® „¹åš¬S®¡® ‘š®æ‡®±ºy®½oÁ’ S®±o ¯‡®±î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. K⠚®æ‡®±ºy®½oÁî¯u®±u®± î®±qµ²Ùîµ±â Ay®½oÁî¯T î®±qµ²Ùºu®± y®½oÁîµ½ºu®Š® „¯S®î¯S®±î® D S®±o Š®²mÃS®q® Yq®ä, þ©Þ, zäºg¬S®¡® N®©ÞwµS®² u®N®ÊŒ¯Š®u® X®©w®þ°©qµ. N®Œ¯Crœ¯š®, ïî®±ýµÁ šµ²°q®± š¯ºš®ÊȳrN® Au®ãw®‡®± Sµ©±åu®± Cºq®Œµå°.

 

y®¼Ç®Þ¯©Š® “y¯ãºhº Œµ°m” š®pÁ N®y®¼ÈÞ†¡®±zw® Z¯‡®¾¯Yq®äS®¡®² œ¯Sµ‡µ±°. Jî®q®ÙŠ® u®ý®N®u® zÇ®±Š¬Œµš¬ w¯m‡®±¡® ‘š®âŠ®n¯s®Á’ D î®±qµ²Ùº…à¡® Bq®âX®‹qµä‡®± Yq®äS®¡®±. B›Ùq®æu®ªå©åu® ›wµî®±u® ›ÔŒ¬S®¢î®¼. Bu®Š®² C Kºu®± N®s®w®î®w®±Ý ï°£®N®Š® î®±w®›éw®ªå Š®²z›†l®±q®Ùîµ. î®±±ºuµ²îµ±â š®â‹›Nµ²ºl¯S® C©åu® šµwµî®±î®w®±Ý wµ²°mŠ®…œ®±u¯u®ºq®œ® N®w®î®‹Nµ‡®±w®²Ý œ®±iÔœ¯N®±î®ºq®œ® ý®OÙ CŠ®u® cS®rÙw® N®Œ¯q®âN® š®³™ÔTuµ. Cu®w®±Ý ‘š®„µÑOÔî¬ î®X®±ãÁ‡®±Œ¬ cS®q®±Ù’ Hw®Ý…œ®±u®±. î®±rÙu®± ‘y¯ãºh¬ wµ²°î®¼’ (u®ãO°‡®± œµ°¢Nµ) Cu®Ûºqµ. Hºuµ²° N®¡µu®±Nµ²ºl® Nµ¶w® Nµ²wµ‡®± OŠ®±„µŠ®¡®ªå w®îµ‡®¾¯u®ºqµ–Aw®±„Â®î® š®ÙÉã, Au®w®±Ý œ®±iÔœ¯Ou® AºS® ¯q®ä ï±s®ã!

 

r°Š® ïYq®äu®Šµ ›ô°î®S®Áu® š¯u®wµ N®Œ¯ Crœ¯š®u®ªå S¹o. Cu®NµÊ HŠ®l®± N¯Š®o. ›ô° N®Œ¯ïu®Šµ° Crœ¯š®u®ªå C©åuµ° œµ²°TŠ®…œ®±u®±. As®î®  ‡®±±Šµ²°zw® †¢° S®ºmw® š®³™Ô‡®¾¯u®Û‹ºu® (N®Œ¯ Crœ¯š®) ›ô° N®Œ¯ïu®‹u®ÛŠ®² A® š¯u®wµ‡®±w®±Ý …vSµ š®‹š®Œ¯TŠ®…œ®±u®±. î®±±ºYw® î¯N®ãu®ªå Nµ²l®Œ¯TŠ®±î® HŠ®l®± N¯Š®oS®¡®w®±Ý š®±î®±âwµ Ÿºu®±î®±±ºu®± ¯mu®Šµ, D …Š®œ®S¯Š®w® x©±îµ° y®äb¯Ýy®½î®ÁN®î¯T ›ô°y®Š®vºu® ›ô°ïŠµ²°u®NµÊ …u®Œ¯S®±î®¼u®± N®ºl®±…Š®±q®Ùuµ. Kºuµ° î¯AN®ãq®Œµå° BS®…©å D ªºS® ›Úq®ãºq®Š®î®w®±Ý š¯ïŠ¯Š®± î®Ç®ÁN¯© …Šµu® S®ºl®š®Š®± AuµÇ®±Ô ‹°r ¯y®Ám›Š®ªOÊ©å!

 

D îµ±°ªw® y¯ãŠ®î®w®±Ý œµ°¡®©± Kºu®± î®±±Qã N¯Š®oïuµ. ŒµâS®š®Š® C©åu® X®‹qµä‡®±w®±Ý A¢› œ¯N®±î® N®ä CŠ®u® ›wµî®±u® ›ÚŠ®u®³ý®ãS®¡®w®±Ý š®â‹›u®ºqµ. y®¼Ç®Þ¯©Š® …œ®±uµ²l®Ö Nµ²l®±Sµ Cu®±. AN®Êw®w®±Ý wµwµu®ºqµ CŠ®±î® y®½î®Áî®w®±Ý y®äš®±Ùq®î®w¯ÝTš®±î® y®ä‡®±q®â (š®±Šµ°Q) Kºuµlµ‡®¾¯u®Šµ lµ‹l®w® As®Áu®ªå ‘A¢°š®Œ¯TŠ®±î®’ ›ô°q®w®u®  S®ºmw® O䇵±‡®±w®±Ý y®¼w®Š¬A†Ãw®‰±š®±î®¼u®± š®âq¯ N¯‹‡®±y®ÞŠ® N®³rS®¡® î®±²Œµ²°uµÛ°ý® AX¯w®N¬ Kºu®± vw®, Kºuµ° vw®u® y®äu®ý®Áw® Iy®Ám›†l®±î®¼u®±, ‡®¾¯Š®² wµ²°mŠ®u®…

 

 œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u® S®±ºzw® N®Œ¯ïu®Š® N®sµ Ÿ°Tuµ:

 

(1) Š®²mÃS®q® ¯u®ãî®±S®¡¯u® qµ¶©Yq®äo (Dš®Œ¬ yµ¶ºiS¬), þ©Þ, S¯äzÃN¬éS®¢Tºq® ‘†Ãw®Ýî¯u®’ ®±Ùî®w®±Ý …¡®› N®³r Š®Yš®±î®¼u®w®±Ý ‘œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u®’ N®³r Hw®ÝŒ¯S®u®±, Aw®Ý„¯Š®u®±. qµ¶©î®oÁ Kºuµ²îµ±â u®³ý®ãN®ŒµSµ œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±î¯T, Šµmîµ±°l¬ ¯u®ãî®±î¯T‡µ±° y®äîµ°ý® y®lµu®u®±Û b¯w¬ î¯w¬ JN¬w® N®³rS®¡® î®±±Pµ°w® Hº…±u®± Kºu®± Jrœ¯›N® š®q®ã. As®Á, q®w®²â©N® …u®±Ow® Aw®±„®î®u® œµ²š® A‡®¾¯î®±î®w®±Ý š®²Yš®±î® ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° N®Œ¯î®š®±Ùî®w®±Ý œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u® N®³r Hw®Ý…œ®±u®±. 1850Š® u®ý®N®u®ªå y¯äw¬éw®ªå ‹‡®±ªš¬Ô-CºyµäÇ®xš®ÔŠ® î®±²©N® y¯äŠ®º„®Sµ²ºl® Bu®±xN®qµ‡®±w®±Ý ‘IN®îµ±°î® Bu®±xN®qµ’ Hºu®± „¯±î®î®Š®± ¯q®ä Cw®éÉÔŒµå°Ç®w¬, Aš®º„µå°b¬, As¬Áî®N¬Á, „¯m Bg¬Á, y®y¯Áîµ±Áiî¬ Bg¬Á, Šµmîµ±°l¬ Cq¯ãvS®¡®w®±Ý ‘Š®²y¯q®âN®î¯T’ ¯q®ä œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¡®± Hºu®± „¯±q¯ÙŠµºu®± îµ±¶NµŒ¬ Š®ý¬ r¢š®±q¯Ùwµ. Au®Š® î®±²©N® Š®²y®xÇ®Õqµ‡®±w®±Ý ï±°‹u® As®ÁS®¡®² N®³rS®¡®ªå N®ºl®±…Š®…©åuµº… š®²X®wµ‡®±± N®Œ¯ Cr‡®¾¯š®u® Crï±r‡®±w®²Ý „µŠ®¡®± ¯m qµ²°‹š®±q®Ùuµ.* Oäºy¬*

 

(2) ¯u®ãî®±S®¢ºu® ‘Š®²mÃS®q® w®l®î®¢Nµ‡®±w®±Ý’ qµ²lµu®± œ¯N®±î® N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¡®± Aw®Ý…œ®±u®±. Aºu®Šµ Aq®ãºq® œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±î®w®±Ý …¡®›‡®±² Oå°Ç¯q®âN® N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý Š®Yš®±î® š¯u®ãqµ œ¯S®² Eu¯œ®Š®nµS®¡®± ïy®¼©î¯Tîµ.

wµ¶š®TÁN®î¯T ›S®±î® î®±Š®u® „µ°Š®±, N¯ºl®, YS®±Š®±S®¡®wµÝ©å x‡®±q®N¯ªNµS®¡®ªå N¯©N¯©NµÊ y®äN®i›Nµ²¡®±ëî® N®Œ¯ïu®Š® N®³rS®¡®± Cºq®œ® Oå°Ç¯q®âN® N®Œ¯N®±h±º…NµÊ šµ°‹u®î®¼. ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° ïÇ®‡®±î®w®²Ý Yr䛊®ª, As®î¯ š®æq®: N®Œ¯ïu® œ¯Sµºu®±Nµ²ºmŠ®ª, Nµ.i.þî®y®äš¯u¬ Hº… N®Œ¯ïu®Š® qµ¶©î®oÁ N®³rS®¡® î®±±Qã ®±Ù-ïÇ®‡®± š®æq®: Dš®Œ¬ Yq®äo š®ºy®äu¯‡®±îµ°!*2* Aºu®Šµ Š®²mÃS®q® ¯u®ãî®± …¡®š®±q®ÙŒµ° œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u® N®³r Š®X®wµ ¯mŠ®±î®î®Š®± þî®y®äš¯u¬. ASµ qµ¶©î®oÁ Š®²mÇ®¾¯Tu®ÛŠ®², Au®w®±Ý Š®²mÃS®q® ¯u®ãî®±î®w¯ÝT y®‹S®pš®vu®±Ûu®Û‹ºu®Œµ° ‘N®±îµºy®¼ š¯âŠ®N®’… ‘š®Ú¡® xvÁǮԒ N®³r Š®Yš®©± š¯u®ãî¯u®±u®±.5*

 

(3) y®äš®±Ùq®u®ªå œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý ‘S®±rÁš®±î®¼u®±’ Kºu®± œµ²š® Kl®º…mNµ. N®Œ¯ïu® î¯X®ãî¯T A†Ãî®ãOÙš®uµ° š®³™Ô›u® w®î®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®³r Aºq®œ® î®TÁ°N®Š®ou® K¡®NµÊ …Š®±q®Ùuµ‡µ²° C©åîµ½°? Hº…±u®± Kºu®± S®º†Ã°Š® y®äýµÝ* *

Cu®± Aq®ãºq® OåÇ®ÔN®Š® y®äýµÝ, INµºu®Šµ Cu®NµÊ Eq®ÙŠ® œ®±l®±N®±î®¼u®Š®Œµå° Awµ°N® Aw®±„®î¯s®ÁS®¡®± œµ²¡µ‡®±±q®Ù, Eq®ÙŠ®îµº…±u®± Kºu®± î®±‹°YNµ Hºu®± š¯†Ã°q®±y®mš®±q®Ùuµ* lµ‹l®, †Œ¬ „µäȶš®w¬*. lµ°ï±w®‡®¾¬ œ®š¬ÔÁ Kºu®± Qºl®vºu® î®±qµ²Ùºu®NµÊ š®q®Ù rﱺS®©î®w®±Ý œ®l®Tw®ªå q®‹›, N®q®Ù‹› ©ºl®xÝw®ªå y®äu®þÁ›u¯S® Au®w®±Ý N®±‹q¯u® Kºu®± S®î®±x°‡®± Lu®± î®±q¯ã‹Sµ²° š¯u®ã±q®±. “H©å d°î®ºq® N®³rS®¡®² AcŠ¯î®±qµ‡®±w®±Ý …‡®±š®±î®¼u®± š®œ®c. Bu®Šµ Nµ²¡µ‡®±±ïNµ, w¯ý®, š¯îµº… Aºý®S®¡®² AcŠ¯î®±Š®qµ‡®±w®±Ý …‡®±š®±î®¼uµ° lµ°ï±‡®±w¬ œ®š¬ÔÁw® N®³r‡®± î®±±Qã š¯u®wµ” Hºvq®±Ù B Lu®±ïNµ.*6xyÂ®Ê y®¼š®ÙN®* œ¯Sµºu®Šµ d°î®ºq®, š®±ºu®Š®, BN®Ç®ÁN®î¯u®±uµ©åS®¡® š¯î®w®±Ý …‡®±›u®ºqµ‡®±² œ¹u®±. î®±qµ²Ùºu®s®Áu®ªå Tä°N®‹ºu¯Š®º†Ã›, HŠ®l®± š¯ïŠ® î®Ç®ÁS®¡® y¯ý¯Ïq®ã ¯w®ï°‡®± w®º†Nµ‡®± š¯ïw® …‡®±Nµ‡®±² œ¹u®± Dq®w® N®³r. œ®š¬ÔÁxSµ q®w®Ý N®³rS®¡® …SµÌ‡µ±° Cºq®œ® Lu®±ïNµ š¯u®ãï©åvu¯ÛS®, Bq®w® N®³rS®¡®ªå B Lu®±ïNµ Cuµ‡µ±° C©åîµ?* *

 

œ®¡µ‡®± N®Œ¯Crœ¯š®u® „¯ǵ‡®±ªå œµ°¡®±î®¼u¯u®Šµ N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå œµ²š®î®š®±ÙS®¡® N®Œµ œ®±iÔNµ²ºl®± š®±î®¾¯Š®± Kºu®²î®Šµ u®ý®N®î¯‰±q®±. œ®l®y®u®Š® “š®î®±²œ®þ©Þ”vºu® Au®± y¯äŠ®º„®Sµ²ºmqµºu®Šµ Š®²mÃS®q®Š®± w®N¯ÊŠ®±-îµ±©åSµ. HŒ¬.z.AºX®w¬‹ºu® Au®± y¯äŠ®º„®±qµºu®Šµ A®±S®¡µ° bµ²°Š¯T‡µ±° w®N¯ÊŠ®±. þ°Œ¯S¹l®Š® š®S®pN®³r š®Š®p‰±ºu® Au®± y¯äŠ®º„®Sµ²ºmqµºu®Šµ Ÿ°Š¯‰±N¬ w®Šµiî¬ N®Œ¯Crœ¯š® xï±Áš®±î®î®Š®± Kî®±âq®vºu® KzÞNµ²ºl¯Š®±* *. D KzÞSµ‡®± Ÿºvw® š¯ºš®ÊȳrN® Š¯cN¯Š®o œµ°Sµ î®±±ºu®±î®Šµ‰±q®± Hº…±u®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± î®±±ºuµ ïš®±î® î®±±w®Ý î®±qµ²ÙºvÇ®±Ô AºNµ š®ºPµãS®¡® ï®nµ AS®q®ãîµxš®±q®Ùuµ.

 

N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® ®±Ù N®³rS®¡µºu®Šµ A „µºS®¡®²‹w®Œµå°, Au®Š® š®±q®Ùî®±±q®ÙŒµ°, œµXµÏºu®Šµ îµ±¶š®²‹w®ªå š®³™ÔSµ²ºmŠ®„µ°N®±. D œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¡µ©åN®²Ê, N®³rS®¡® H©å ïu®ãqµS®¢S®² ‘Cw¬éhŒµå°ý®w¬S®¡®±’ Hº… š®Š®¡® w¯î®¾¯ºOq® x°l®Œ¯‰±q®±. Hº.Hš¬.Eîµ±°ý¬, š®±Šµ°Q, š®±Šµ°ý¬ N®±î®¾¯Š¬, §°x¬ †.HX¬, Š®ºcx ýµhÔŠ¬, y®¼Ç®Þ¯©, OŠ®n¬ š®±…à‡®±ã, †c± bµ²°Š®Ä¾¬, þ°Œ¯S¹l®, B‡µ±ý¯ A…䜯º, ©ªq¯ ý®ºN®Š¬, ..î®±±ºq¯u®î®Š®± D œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u®ªå N®³r Š®Yš®±î®ªå Kºu®± xǵՇ®±w®±Ý y®äu®þÁ›u®î®Š®±. Kºuµ²îµ±â Š®²mÃS®q® qµ¶©, þ©Þ ¯u®ãî®±u®ªå N®³r Š®Y› w®ºq®Š® Au®‹ºu® u®²Š®š®‹u®ºqµ N®ºl®î®Š®±. Bu®Šµ ‡®¾¯Š®² D HŠ®l®± ¯u®ãî®±S®¡®w®±Ý Š®²mÃS®q®îµºu®± y®iÔ N®iÔu®Ûw®±Ý …ŸŠ®ºS®î¯T KzÞNµ²¡®±ëî®î®Š®©å. A® N®³rS®¡®± ¯q®ä Cu®w®±Ý Ky®Þuµ CŠ®±î®¼v©å. Š®ïN®±î®¾¯Š¬ N¯þ, š®±Šµ°ý¬ c‡®±Š¯º, Hw¬.Hš¬. œ®Ç®Á..î®±±ºq¯u®î®Š®± BS¯SµÌÉã D ¯u®ãî®±u®ªå ‘N®³™’ ¯mu®Š®² î®±²©q®: Š®²mÃS®q®îµº…±u®w®±Ý B Cwµ²Ýºu®± y®ºS®l®u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š® N®³rS®¡®± š¯Š¯š®S®g¯T …vSµ š®‹›u®î®©å Au®Š® …SµÌ qµ C‹›Nµ²ºl®î®Šµ° Bu® Yq®äN¯Š®Š®±.

 

¯w®›N®î¯T D N®Œ¯ïu®Š® Kºu®± y®iÔ q®‡®¾¯‹›u®Š Kºu®± ïÇ®‡®± îµ°u®ãî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Auµ°wµºu®Šµ, C®ªå …œ®±y¯©± cw® „µºS®¡®²‹Sµ …ºu®± wµŒµ›u®î®Š®±, Šµw¯‡®±š¯w¬é N¯©u®ªå N®Œ¯ïu®Šµ©å …ºu®± Šµ²°î®¾¬w®ªå wµŒµ›u®ºqµ. î®±q®±Ù „µºS®¡®²Š®± CSµ©å ‘œ®¢ë‰±ºu® w®S®Š®NµÊ’ Hº… w®S®‹°N®Š®ou® Bºq®‹N® šµ (Cw¬hw®ÁŒ¬ l®‡®±šµ²ÞŠ®) B‰±qµ œµ²Š®q®± „µºS®¡®²‹S®Š®± S¯äï±°o y®äuµ°ý®NµÊ œµ²°T wµŒµ›u¯ÛS®ª, As®î® „µºS®¡®²‹Tºq®©² uµ²l®Ö ý®œ®Š®u® œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± D w®S®Š®î®w®±Ý B‡µ±Ê ¯mNµ²ºl®± Cªå wµŒµ›u¯ÛS®ª C©åîµ° C©å. As¯q¬Á,

 

(4) „µºS®¡®²‹w® N®Œ¯ïu®Šµ° œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±NµÊ š®º…ºvÛu®ºqµ N®w¯ÁhN®î®w®±Ý y®ärxvÚ®±î®î®Š®± î®±q®±Ù š®æq®: „µºS®¡®²Šµ° Kºu®± î®±±Qã ïÇ®‡®±î¯T C®±S®¡® N®³rS®¡µ²¡®NµÊ y®äîµ°þ›†iÔuµ N®²l®.*7*

 

î®±qµÙ œ®¡µ‡®± N®Œ¯ Crœ¯š®u® u¯QŒ¯r „¯ǵSµ ŸºvŠ®±T „µºS®¡®²‹Sµ …Šµ²°o. C®ªå …œ®±y¯©± N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± S¯ã©‹S®¡®ªå š®y®©qµ N®ºl®î®Š®©å, As®î® N¯o±î® N¯©NµÊ Au®‹ºu® Ÿºuµ š®‹u®î®Š®±. „µºS®¡®²‹w® S¯ã©‹S®¡µºu®Šµ Kºuµ° ýµ¶ª‡®±ªå N®³r Š®Yš®±î® S¯ãŠ®ºi Nµ²l®±î® N®Œ¯ïu®Š® KN®²Êh…ºq¯u®±uµ° Cu®NµÊ N¯Š®o. B î®±iÔSµ œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®³r Š®Y›u®î®Š® y®ä‡®±q®ÝS®¡®w®±Ý ‘Aî®w¬S¯l¬Á’ Hw®Ý…œ®±u®±.*8* “œµ°Tu®ÛŠ®² BtÁN® Œ¯„®ï©åvŠ®±î¯S® ¯l®±î® N®³rS®¢ºu® Oå°Çµ‡®¾¯u®Š®² qµ²©S®©y®Þ” Hºu®± Nµw¬, Yq®äN®Œ¯ y®‹Ç®rÙw® œ¯S®² N¯î¯u® ý¯Œµ‡®± AlµÖS®¡®ªå N®±¢q®± xu®Á‹›u®î®ŠµÇµ²Ô° î®±ºv ïu¯ãtÁS®¡®±. A®±S®¡µ©å Ÿ°Sµ ¯q®w¯l®©± y¯äŠ®º†Ã› DS¯S®Œµ° œ®q¯ÙŠ®± î®Ç®ÁS®¡¯Tœµ²°Tuµ.

 

 œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® …SµÌ Kºu®Ç®±Ô œ®¡µ‡®± Crœ¯š®:

 

®±Ùîµ½ºu®Šµ²¡®NµÊ As®Á Nµ²hÔŠµ Au®Nµ²Êºu®± „µŒµ …Š®±q®Ùuµ. As®Áï©åu®, As®Áï©åuµ ®±ÙS®¡®± N®äîµ±°o ¯y¯Ál¯S®±î®¼u®w®±Ý w¯S®‹°N®qµ Hw®±ÝqµÙ°îµ. N¯lµº…±u®± Aºq®œ® Kºu®± ®±Ù. w¯lµº…±u®± Aºq®œ® Kºu®± „µŒµ N®¡µu®±±Nµ²ºl® As®Á. Bu®Û‹ºu®Œµ° w¯š¯ÔªÑ‡®± (ŸwµÝw®y®¼) Hº…±u®± œ®¢ë‡®± …SµÌ y®hÔoS®‹S¯u®ºqµ Cu®Š® rŠ®±î®¼-î®±Š®î®¼ š¯u®ãî¯S®vŠ®±î®¼u®±.

 

š®±î®¾¯Š®± î®±²Š®± š¯ïŠ® î®Ç®Áu® Ÿºuµ N®©±å, I¡®±w®²Š®± î®Ç®Áu® Ÿºuµ qµ¶©î®oÁ, Ju®± w®²Š®± î®Ç®Áu® Ÿºuµ HYϺS¬, w®²Šµ¶î®q®±Ù î®Ç®Áu® Ÿºuµ ªsµ²°S¯äy¬, w®²Š®± î®Ç®Áu® Ÿºuµ BN®äªN¬ î®oÁ q®î®±â BŠ®º†ÃN® As®ÁS®¡®w®±Ý ‘ï±°‹u®’ N®Œ¯q®âN® As®Á y®lµu®±Nµ²ºl®î®¼. BS® CåN®²Ê Cu®Û Kºu®± „¹rN® As®Áu® bµ²qµSµ HŠ®l®wµ‡®¾  N®Œ¯q®âN® As®Á u®OÊu®ºq¯‡®±±Ù. ïýµ°Ç®îµºu®Šµ Cå q®î®±â îµ²u®© As®ÁS®¡®w®±Ý N®¡µu®±Nµ²¡®ëª©å. INµºu®Šµ îµ²u®© As®Á As®Áy®½oÁî¯T©åvu®±Ûu®±. C©åu® Kºu®± As®Ávºu® CŠ®±î® Cwµ²Ýºu®±, uµ¶w®ºvw®î®©åu® Bu®Šµ N®Œ¯q®âN®î¯u® (IšµÙiN¬) As®ÁNµÊ œ¯‹u® ¯u®ãî®±S®¡®± Cå. Eu¯œ®Š®nµSµ Nµq®Ùwµ ¯l®Œ¯u® Tä°N¬ þŒµ‡µ²ºu î®±w®âs®w¯T (Ayµ½°Œµ²) As®Á y®lµu® Kºu®± š¯ïŠ® î®Ç®Áu® w®ºq®Š® „µ°Šµ²ºu®± w¯mw®ªå, „µ°Šµ²ºu®± š®ºš®Êȳr‡®±ªå q®w®Ý X®œ®Šµ‡®±w®±Ý E¢›Nµ²ºl®± As®Á N®¡µu®±Nµ²ºl®±, …±u®Üw¯S®„µ°N¯‰±q®±. Ç®l®ºS® š®²q®äS®¢w®²Ý œ®±iÔ…Š®„µ°Ou®Û B N¯©NµÊ þŒµ‡®±± N®Œµ‡®¾¯u®Š®² u¯ï±ÁN® î®±²rÁ‡®± As®Á y®lµ‡®±±î®¼u®ÇµÔ° ATw® Au®Š® EuµÛ°ý®î¯Tq®±Ù.*7* …±iÔS®¡® ý®³ºS¯Š®N¯ÊT …¡®š®Œ¯S®±rÙu®Û ‡®±:N®þÏq¬ qµ¶©î®oÁ Nµäȶš®Ùu®Áu® uµ¶î®u® Š®²y¯N¯Š®î®wµÝ° xu®Á‹š®±î®ºq¯‰±q®±. qµ¶©î®oÁï©åuµ Nµäȶš®Ù‹Sµ uµ¶î®, š®æS®Á, îµ²°£® D î®±²Š®² CŠ®±rÙŠ®ª©å. y®î®Áq®Š¯cw®wµÝ° î®±p›u® Cª‡®± N®sµ qµ¶©î®oÁu®±Û.

 

Cºq®œ® ý®OÙ¯w¬ Š®²mÃS®q®îµx›u®Ü ¯u®ãî®±S®¡®w®±Ý œ¯S®² AS®¡® …¡®Nµ‡®± N®äî®±î®w®±Ý (qµ¶©, S¯äzÃN¬, Nµq®Ùwµ, …¢‡®±±ïNµ, î®±±u®äo Cq¯ãv) ‘î®±p›u®±Û’ œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±S®¡®±, q®w®²â©N® š®³™ÔSµ²ºl® N®³rS®¡®±. ïm‡µ², Šµmîµ±°l¬ ®±Ù, š®S®p, Šµ¶š¬ N¯S®u®, wµ©-c©-uµ°œ®u®ºq®œ® „¹rN® ®±ÙS®¢°ºu¯Š®º†› JŸq®ã, š®Ú¡®y®¼Š¯o, ›ô°î¯v Yºq®wµ‡®±î®ŠµS®² N®w¯ÁhN®u®/„µºS®¡®²‹w® œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±S®¡®± œ®Š®mNµ²ºmîµ, Au®w®Ý‹rŠ®±î®î®Š® î®±w®u®ªå. D ®±Ù-N®³rS®¡® î®±qµ²Ùºu®± ïýµ°Ç®îµºu®Šµ AS®¡µ©å „µ°S® N¯©î®ý®î¯S®±î®¼u®±. ®±ÙS®¡®± „µ°S® N¯©î®ý®î¯S®±î®¼u®Š® î®±²©N® Au®Š® N®q®Á³S®¡®± AcŠ¯î®±Š®Š¯S®±rÙu¯ÛŠµ Hº…±uµ²ºu®± y®äX®ªq® w®º†Nµ!…

 

OŠ®n¬ š®±…à‡®±ãw® Kºu®± y®äu®ý®Áw®î®wµÝ° y®‹S®p› wµ²°m. B N®³rS®¡®± î®ãºS®ãYq®äS®¡® þ©ÞŠ®²y®u®ºrîµ. y®¼g¯àªSµ îµ±¶‡µ±Œ¯å Cw®²Ý Aºiš®vŠ®±î® „µºON®mÖS®¡®±, …Nµixºu® Nµ²¡®îµSµ, Aªåºu® w®ªåSµ î®±q®Ùªåºu® …NµiÔSµ œµ²ºvš®Œ¯TŠ®±î® Kºu®± þ©Þ Cîµ° î®±±ºq¯u®±î®¼. S®º†Ã°Š® IN¯S®äqµ‡®± q®‡®¾¯ã‹ „µ°l®±î® Yq®äN®Œ¯y®äu®ý®Áw®u® î®±w®›ÚrSµ X®î®±N¬ x°m Œµ°î®m ¯l®±q®Ùîµ’ Dq®w® N®³rS®¡®±. î®±±ºYw® î¯N®ãu® ‘Nµ²°g¬é’w®ªåŠ®±î®¼uµ° D N®³rS®¡® ‘ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®±’ (Bþ°™ÁNµS®¡®±). Bu®Šµ AS®¡®w®±Ý Šµ°P¯Yq®äS®¡® î®±²©N®îµ° qµ²°‹š®…œ®±u¯Tq®Ù©å Hº… Aw®±î®¾¯w® N¯l®vŠ®u®±. î®ãq¯ãš®ïǵ԰. D y®äu®ý®Áw®u®ªåu®Û …Nµg¬, y®¼g¯àŒ¬ Cq¯ãv î®±²©q®: ‘Šµmîµ±°l¬S®¡®±’. š¯ïŠ¯Š®± š®ºPµã‡®±ªå IN®N¯©NµÊ y¯ãN®Ô‹‡®±ªå q®‡®¾¯Š¯u®, N®±ý®©N®Œµ‡®±w®±Ý ‘vÃN®Ê‹š®±î®’ Crœ¯š®î®¼¡®ëu®±Û. Œµ°î®m ¯l®…©±å ®±Ù-ïÇ®‡®±î®w®²Ý Cǵ²Ôºu®± QYÁw® „¯†Ùw®ªå, þ©ÞS®¡¯T (Šµ°P¯Yq®äu® …u®ªSµ) q®‡®¾¯‹š®±î®¼u®² Œµ°î®m‡®±wµ²Ýºu®± Ar°q®NµÊ qµSµuµ²‡®±±ãî® O䇵±. “OŒ¬ †Œ¬” („¯S® 1 œ¯S®² 2) ›wµî®±î®w®±Ý wµ²°l®±î¯S® î®±±Qã N®sµ‡®± bµ²qµ bµ²qµSµ° w®²Š¯Š®± N®±ºS¬ y®¼, „¯ºl¬, Xµ°š¬ ›wµî®±S®¡®w®±Ý wµw®zš®±q®Ù, Au®‹ºu¯T S¯º†Ã°‡®±Áuµ²¡®Sµ° w®Tš®±q®Ù š¯S®±î® HŠ®l®±-H¡µ‡®± N®s®w®u®ºqµ Cu®±. œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u®ºq®œ® Kºu®± œµ²š® A„¯㚮 œ®±iÔNµ²ºl®±, Auµ²ºu®± š®ºy®äu¯‡®±îµ° BTœµ²°T, Bu®Š®² Au®w®±Ý ï±°Š®±î® Ey¯‡®±î¯T Š®²mÃ…u®Üî¯u® N®Œµ u®N®Êuµ œµ²°T, œµ²š® ®±Ùïw® œµ²š® š®ºy®äu¯‡®±NµÊ° AºiNµ²ºl®± N®³r Š®Yš®„µ°N¯u® Ar š®²£®ÈâcÝ‹Sµ Cºq®œ® S®º†Ã°Š®-Œµ°î®m Ax®±Á. (“î®±ï±â” „¯S® 1 œ¯S®² 2 ›wµî®±S®¡®² Ÿºvw® vðŠµ²°u¯q®Ù ›wµî®±S®¡®w®±Ý Ax®±Áî¯T Aw®±š®‹š®„µ°N¯T …ºu¯S® Au®‹ºu®±ºg¯S®±î® Oå°Çµ‰±ºu® q®zÞ›Nµ²¡®ë©± ›wµî®±u®±u®Û œ¯š®ã Kºu®± Ey¯‡®±î¯T u®OÊu®ºqµ Cu®±).

 

OŠ®n¬ Šµmîµ±°l¬ Aw®±Ý Œµ°î®m‡®¾¯T …¡®›u®î®w®±. Eîµ±°ý¬Š® wµŒ¯N®³r‡®±ªåw® (As¬Áî®N¬Á) wµ©î®½ q¯q¯ÊªN®î¯T Šµmîµ±°l¬ BTu®Ûºq®œ®u®±Û. Šµmîµ±°l¬ î®±q®±Ù y¯y¬ N®ŒµSµ CŠ®±î® w®ºh± Cuµ°. N®w¯ÁhN®u® ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ²° …Š®S¯© z°mq® y®äuµ°ý®u®ªå Nµ²Nµ²Nµ²°©î®w®±Ý ‡®¾¯Šµ²° Lu®±…Š®œ® Šµ¶q®wµ²…à N®±m‡®±±î®ºqµ, Auµ° „¯hª‰±ºu® Aîµ±°‹N®u® Au®㣮w®² N®±m‡®±±q¯Ùwµ. œµš®Š®±, î®±±Q y®‹X®‡®±ï©åu® N®‹°w¯ Au®w®±Ý b¯ŸŠ¯rw®ªå FdÁq®Sµ²¢š®±rÙŠ®±q¯Ù¡µ. Eîµ±°ý®Š® wµ©u®ªå Šµmîµ±°l¬ ‘BTu®±Ûu®±Û’ D î®±pØw®uµ° Bu® Crœ¯š®. „µºS®¡®²‹xºu® Cy®Þq®±Ù îµ±¶© œµ²Š®NµÊ EuµÛ°ý®y®½î®ÁN®î¯T …›éw®ªå cw®Š®w®±Ý wµŒ¯N®³r wµ²°l®©± N®Šµq®ºu®u®±Û Aºq®ãî®w®±Ý wµ²°l®©©å, ¯S®Áî®w®±Ý. w®S®Š® „µ¡µu®ºqµ xš®S®ÁŠ®NµÊ œµX®±Ï œµX®±Ï u®²Š® Ll®„µ°N¯S®±q®Ùuµ°Nµºu®Šµ î®±Šµq® Crœ¯š®u® îµ±°Œµ œµ²š® œµ²š® Crœ¯š® x¯Áo ¯l®±rÙŠ®±qµÙ°î®©å Au®NµÊ°.*

 

¯šµÁŒ¬ l®±ý¯ãºy¬ Cu®w®±Ý N®Œµ‡®¾¯T …¡®š®±î® N®äî®±î®w®±Ý qµ²°‹›u®î®w®±. “š®Ú¡®y®¼Š¯oS®¡®±” Hº… N®±ãŠµ°gµl¬ * * y®äu®ý®Áw®u®ªå §°x¬ y®äš¯u¬ ‘š®î®±±u¯‡®±’ w¯hN® q®ºl®î®wµÝ° Šµmîµ±°l¬ BT …¡®›u®ÛŠ®±. Au®Š® îµ±°Œµ œ¯S®² š®±q®ÙŒµ©å t‡®±°hŠ¬ y¯äy¬é …¡®š®±î®¼u®Š® î®±²©N® î®±Šµq®±œµ²°Tu®Û Au®Š® Crœ¯š®î®w®±Ý, š®Ú¡®y®¼Š¯oî®w®±Ý Nµu®Ou®ÛŠ®±. Šµ°Pµ‡µ²ºu®w®±Ý î®±±hÔuµ Au®Š® y®N®Ê î®±qµ²Ùºu®± Aš®î®± Šµ°Pµ‡®±w®±Ý Š®Yš®±î®¼u®Š® î®±²©N® îµ²u®©wµ‡®±u®w®±Ý Eu®Û As®î® Tl®Ö ¯l®±î® š¯î®±s®ãÁ Šµmîµ±°l¬Tuµ.

 

 Aºq®œ® Šµmîµ±°l¬S®¡®w®±Ý ‘š¯ºNµ°rN®î¯T’ B‹›, AS®¡®w®±Ý ïýµ°Ç®î¯T ‘Aw®w®ã’îµxš®±î®ºqµ (N®±ý®©N®ŒµSµ y®¼w®Š¬S¹Š®î® š®ªåš®±î®ºqµ) Š®²y®¼Sµ²¢š®Œ¯Tq®±Ù y®äu®ý®Áw®u®ªå. Cu®w®±Ý y®½Šµ¶š®©± OŠ®n¬ Aq¯ãu®±xN® q®ºq®äS¯‹Nµ‡®±w®±Ý …¡®›u®Û. N®Š®N®±ý®©N®Œµ‡®± ±u®Üu® Nµ¶S¯‹°N®Š®ou® c‡®±î®w®±Ý rŠ®±î®¼ î®±Š®±î®¼ ¯m, Œµ°gµš¬Ô q®ºq®äS¯‹Nµ‡®± î®±²©N® î®ãºSµ²ã°OÙ EvÛ°zš®±î®¼u®±”*9* OŠ®ow® N®³rS®¡® Kºu®± qµŠ®w¯u® Lu®±ïNµ.

*

œ®l®y®u®Š® “ï yµ½°Š¬” š¯Úy®wµ‡®± N¯©vºu®©² w®î®±âq®w®, w®î®±âu®± Hº…±u®± œµ°Sµ N®w®Ýl® š¯Ÿq®ãu®ªå Kºu®± qµ²l®T›Nµ²¡®±ëî® O䇵±‡®¾¯Tqµ²Ù œ¯Sµ u®³ý®ãN®Œ¯ïu®‹S®uµ²ºu®± qµ²l®Ow® O䇵±‡®¾¯Tq®±Ù. D xiÔw®ªå œµ²š®î®š®±ÙS®¡®± w®î®±âuµ° Bu® œ®¡µ‡®± ïÇ®‡®±S®¡® îµ±°Œµ „µ¡®N®± XµŒå©± N®Œ¯ïu®Š®w®±Ý yµä°Šµ°z›îµ Hº…±u®± Š®ïî®î®±Áw®w®±Ý ïYq®äîµx›u®Š®², wµwµzSµ q®Š®±q®Ùuµ. qµ¶©î®oÁ …¡®›u®wµºu®± Bq® y¯ý¯Ïq®ãw¯u®wµ²° C©å š®Ú¢°‡®± ï±sµãS®¡®w®±Ý Yrä›u®wµºu®± „¯Š®r°‡®±w¯u®wµ²° Hº…±uµ²ºu®± Nµ²°¢îµ²gµÔ‡®± y®äýµÝ. Au®Oʺq® œµX¯ÏT N®Œ¯ïî®±ýµÁSµ š®º…ºvÛu® y®äýµÝ. g¯Sµ²°Š¬ Bq®w®w®±Ý Š¯™ó°‡®± N®Œ¯ïu®wµºu®± N®Šµu®±, w®ºq®Š®

Š¯Ç®ó²°u® ¯u®ãî®±wµºu®± HŠ®l®± y®äN¯Š®î¯T „¯ï›u®±u®Š® w®l®±î®w® î®ãq¯ãš® Ju¯Š®± î®Ç®Áî®ÇµÔ.

 

›ô°š®ºîµ°u®wµ, œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±, Jrœ¯›N® š®ºš®Êȳqµ°q®ÙŠ® š¯ºš®ÊȳrN® N®s®w®S®¡® …SµÌ Bš®OÙ, ‡®±±Šµ²°y‡®±w¬-†¢‡®± S®ºl®± œ®±h±Ôœ¯OŠ®…œ®±u¯u® u®³ý®ãYq®äou® …SµTw® Aw®±î®¾¯w® Cq¯ãv ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®± œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®Œ¯ïu®Š®w®±Ý, œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±S®¡®w®±Ý IN®N¯©NµÊ šµ¡µu®uµ²Ûºu®± N®w¯ÁhN®u®©±åºg¯u® Aw®†Ã™N®Ù Aî®w¬S¯l¬Á X®¡®±î®¢.

 

Aºqµ‡µ±° CrÙ°Yw® q®ºq®äb¯Ýw®u® š®œ¯‡®±vºu® œ®¡µ‡®± q®ºq®äb¯Ýw®Nµ²Êºu®± œµ²š® As®Á EvÛ°zš®±î®¼u®± N®w¯ÁhN®u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š® X¯¢ Hw®Ý…œ®±u®±, „µ°Ou®ÛŠµ. B‡µ±Ç¯ A…䜯º q®w®Ýdч®± œ®¡µ‡®± B©àºxºu® N®y®¼ÈÞ †¡®±y®¼ yµ½°gµ²°S®¡®w®±Ý B‡®±±Û, AS®¡®w®±Ý mdhŒ¬ œ¯S®² N®ºy®½ãhŠ¬ zäiºS¬ î®±±P¯ºq®Š® w®²Š¯Š®± y®h±Ô uµ²l®Öu®± ¯m q®w®ÝdÑSµ šµ°‹u® œ®¡µ‡®± î®±wµ‡®¾ªå y®äu®þÁ›u®ÛŠ®±. wµSµiî¬ yµ½°gµ²°S®¡®w®±Ý ŸTÌš®±î® Kºu®± ï±r ï±°‹u®Šµ uµ²l®Ö yµ½°gµ²°S®¡®ªå X®±NµÊS®¡®± î®±²m…Š®±rÙu®Û. Aºu®Šµ wµSµiî¬ yµ½°gµ²°S®¡® N®oØ¡®qµSµ Kºu®± ýµä°p°N®Š®oïuµ ï±x‡µ±°X®Š¬ Yq®äu®ºqµ. B‡µ±ý®¡® wµSµiî¬ N®y®¼ÈÞ†¡®±zw® mdhŒ¬ „µ²å°Ay¬w®ªå AuµÇµÔ° uµ²l®Öu¯u®Š®² Au®± uµ²l®Öuµxš®u®±. YN®Ê yµ½°gµ²°ïw® uµ²l®Ö Š®²y®îµxš®±q®Ùuµ‡µ±° œµ²Š®q®± uµ²l®Ö N®³r‡µ±° ‘Aš®ª’ Hxš®u®±. Jî®q®Ùm Hq®ÙŠ®u® ›wµî®± y®Š®uµ‡®± y®½Š® w¯‡®±N®w® î®±±Qïu®ÛŠ®² œµ°Sµ w¯î®¼ Bq®w®w®±Ý w®î®±â xî®±âºqµ‡µ±° î®±w®±Ç¯ãN¯Š®u®î®wµ° Hºu®± S®äŸš®±qµÙ°îµ‡µ²°, œµ°Sµ î®±±ºYw® u®ý®N®S®¡®ªå N®y®¼ÈÞ-†¡®±zw® ›wµî®±S®¡® cS®q®Ùw®±Ý wµ¶c î®oÁî®±‡®± cS®qµÙºu®± „¯±rÙuµÛîµ½° œ¯Sµ‡µ±° Cu®±. B‡µ±ý® q¯ºräN® „µ¡®î®pSµS®² Auµ° î®±wµ‡®±ªå …u®±Ou® q®w®Ýdч®± wµwµÝ‡®± wµw®y®w®±Ý CºvSµ q®ºu®± xªåš®±î®¼u®N®²Ê š®º…ºu® N®ªÞš®±q¯ÙŠµ. “Z¯‡®¾¯Yq®äS®¡®± š¯ïw®ºqµ, AS®¡®w®±Ý wµ²°l®±î¯S®Œµ©å Kºu®± ý®î®š®ºš¯ÊŠ® wµŠ®îµ°‹›u®ºqµ” Hº… Šµ²Œ¯ºl¬ „¯s®w® w®º†Nµ‡®±w®±Ý y®‹°£µSµ²l®±Öq¯ÙŠµ B‡µ±ý®.

 

yµ½°gµ²°S®¡®w®±Ý …¡®š®±q®Ù B ¯u®ãî®±î®wµÝ° y®‹°£µSµ²mÖ Kºu®± šµgµ¶Š¬, JŠ®x, î®ãºSµ²ã°OÙ œ®±h±Ôœ¯N®±î®¼u®± N®w¯ÁhN®u® œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š® Kºu®± S®º†Ã°Š® Bš®OÙ‡®± ïÇ®‡®±. q¯ºräN®qµ‡®± qµNµÊ‡µ²¡®ëNµÊ ›OÊœ¯ONµ²¡®±ëî® Ax®±Áqµ‡®±w®±Ý Œµ°î®m‡®± î®±²©N® KzÞNµ²¡®±ëî® Kºu®± b¯oq®w®î®¼ Hw¬. y®¼Ç®Þ¯©, š®±Šµ°Q * „¯‡®¾¬Ö ¬* î®±±ºq¯u®î®Š® N®³rS®¡®ªå ïy®¼©î¯Tuµ. y®¼Ç®ÞŠ® “y¯ãºh¬ Œµ°m” yµ½°gµ²°S®¡®± œ®¡µ‡®±, Ÿºv Yq®äS®¡® „®‡®±Š®Ÿq® w¯‡®±O w¯m‡®±Š®w®±Ý Bu®‹›u®±Û Bu®Šµ BNµ‡®±w®±Ý N®±‹q®u®Û©å. A›Ùq®æu®ªå©åu® ›wµî®±îµ½ºu®Š® u®³ý®ãy®©N®S®¡® y¯q®äš®±q®Ùîµ D yµ½°gµ²°S®¡®±. Bq®âX®‹q¯äœ®Áî¯u® u®³ý®ãS®¢î®¼. š®æq®: y®¼Ç®Þ Cu®Š®ªå u®æy¯q®äu¯‹ „¯Š®r°‡®± w¯‡®±N®, w¯‡®±O‡®±Š®w®±Ý ‘wµw®zš®±î®ºqµ’ šµ²°u®‹‡®±‹…àŠ® y¯q®ä ›, Au®Šµ²¡®Sµ²ºu®±, u®³ý¯q®âN®î®©åu® N®sµ‡®±w®²Ý N®iÔNµ²l®±q¯ÙŠµ. D yµ½°gµ²°S®¡®± N®y®¼ÈÞ†¡®±zw®ªåŠ®±î®¼u®N®²Ê CS®¡®w®±Ý š®³™Ô›u® N¯©NµÊ š®‹‡®¾¯T mdhŒ¬ yµ½°gµ²°S®äzà „µºS®¡®²‹w®ªå ïy®¼©î¯Tu®ÛN®²Ê N¯N®q¯¢°‡®± š®º…ºu®Œ¯Š®u®±. Aºu®Šµ, D îµ²u®Œµ° r¢›u®ºqµ, Yq®äX¹N®iÔw® K¡®Sµ Al®N®î¯TŠ®±î® ïÇ®‡®± Kºu¯u®Šµ, X¹N®iÔw® œµ²Š®Tw® BS®±œµ²°S®±S®¡®² î®±qµ²Ùºu®±, œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¢Sµ° ïþÇ®Ôî¯u® ïÇ®‡®±î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. DS® Hu®±‹TŠ®±î® y®äýµÝ: œ®¡µ‡®± ïÇ®‡®± HǮԊ®î®±iÔSµ š®q®ã? Bý®Ï‡®±Áu®Šµ yµågµ²°xN¬ î®±q®±Ù x‡µ²°yµågµ²°xN® Yºq®wµ D y®äýµÝ‡®±w®±Ý Eq®Ù‹š®©± š®œ¯‡®±N®î¯S®±î®¼u®±. S®±œµ‡®± Ey®îµ±‡µ²¡®Tw® wµŠ®¡µ° î®ãOÙS®¡¯S®±î®ºqµ N®w¯ÁhN®u® œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¡®ªå Aš®ª î®ãOÙS®¡®± œ¯S®² A® wµŠ®¡®± HŠ®l®² ïÇ®‡®±S®¡¯T væy¯q®ä š®±q®Ùîµ–ï°£®N®Š®w®±Ý N®o±Ø As®î® y®ºXµ°ºv䇮±u® Kºuµ²ºu®± îµ²q®Ùu®± ïºS®mš®±q®Ù!

 

·        î®±wµ²°îµ¶b¯ÝxN® œ¯S®² š¯ºš®ÊȳrN® ŸwµÝŒµ:

 

œµ²š®î®š®±ÙS®¡® …¡®Nµ‡®±± „µºS®¡®²‹w®ªå BŠ®º„®Sµ²ºl®u®ÛN®²Ê, Nµ¶S¯‹°N®Š®ovºu® q®ºq®äb¯Ýw®uµlµ cw®š®î®±±u¯‡®±î®¼ …u®Œ¯Tu®ÛN®²Ê š®º…ºu®ïuµ. q®ºq®äb¯Ýw®î®w®±Ý œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± …¡®š®qµ²l®Tu®Š®± Hº… š®Š®¡® î¯ãPµã Cªå q®y¯ÞS®±q®Ùuµ. ïm‡µ², y®y¯Áîµ±Áw¬é, Cw®éÉÔŒµ°Ç®w¬ Cq¯ãvS®¡®± q®ºq®äb¯Ýw®î®w®±Ý A¡®î®m›Nµ²¡®ë„µ°N¯u® Ax®±Áqµ …ºu¯S®©² N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± q¯ºräN®î¯T S¯„®‹ y®äu®þÁ›vÛuµ. CºvS®² ïm‡µ²-Bg¬Á ¯l®±î¯S® Šµmîµ±°l¬ š®ºT°q® „µ°N¯S®±q®Ùuµ, HmhŠ¬xSµ N®Œ¯ïu® š®ºš®ÊŠ®ou® š®î®±‡®±u®ªå x°l®„µ°N¯u® ¯S®Áš®²YSµ „¯ǵ‡µ±° Cw®²Ý œ®±iÔ©å, Cq¯ãv.

 

ïm‡µ²° N®Œµ‡®±w®±Ý S¯äzÃN¬ zäºg¬S®¡®ºqµ N¯zŠµ¶g¬ ¯l®„µ°Nµ Cq¯ãv wµ¶rN® y®äýµÝS®¡®w®±Ý Cw®²Ý …Sµœ®‹š®„µ°Ou®ÛŠ®², D œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®± N®³r‡®±± „¯Š®q®u¯u®ãºq® „µºS®¡®²‹w®Œµå° INµ ïu®ãî®±‡®±î¯Tuµ Hº…±u®± N®±q®²œ®©N®Š® š¯î®¾¯dN®, î®±wµ²°îµ¶b¯ÝxN® N¯Š®oS®¢îµ. Š¯cN¯Š®ou® N®Œ¯ý®OÙ Nµ°ºu®äS®¡®± uµ°ý®u® Eq®ÙŠ®u®ªåu®±Ûu®Û‹ºu® „¹rN®î¯T Au®NµÊ œ®rÙŠ®î¯Tu®ÛSµ Š¯b¯ý®ä‡®±u®ºq®œ® Œ¯„® Eºg¯u®±uµºu®Šµ, Au®‹ºu® u®²Š® E¢u® N®w¯ÁhN®u® N®ŒµSµ AºYw® Š¯cN¯Š®ou® ‘Ey¯‡®±’S®¡®w®±Ý N®ºl®±Nµ²¡®±ëu®± Ax®±Á±q®±. N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå S¯ã©‹S®¢u®ÛŠ®² AS®¡®± Kºu®± š®ºy®äu¯‡®±î¯T Š®²y®¼Sµ²ºmvÛ©å. uµœ®ª‡®± AŒ¯Êd‡®± ‘Ag¬Á h±lµ’ As®î® î®±±º…‰±‡®± Xµîµ²Œ¬Öw®ºq®œ® S®±oî®±hÔî®w®±Ý EvÛ°z›u® S¯ã©‹S®¡®± Cªå BTœµ²°S®ª©å. Bu®Û‹ºu® Š®²mÃS®q® N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý, Au®w®±Ý š®±q®±Ùu® Oå°ÇµS®¡®wµÝ©å z°q®-N®Œ¯ïu®‹Sµ° †h±Ô, S¯ã©‹ ‘š®ºš®Êȳr’‡®± š®w¯ãš® qµSµu®±Nµ²ºl®u®Û‹ºu® œ®±iÔNµ²ºl®u®±Û D œµ²š®-¯u®ãî®±u® N®Œµ‡µ±° œµ²Š®q®± œµ²š® q®ºq®äb¯Ýw®u® Aïǯʊ®u® BN®Ç®Ánµ‰±ºu®©å. „µºS®¡®²Š®± ›ºS®y®¼Š®î¯S®±î® q®q®æî®w®Ý N®³q®N®î¯T „µ¡µ›Nµ²¡®ëqµ²l®Tu®ºqµ, Cuµ° w®S®Š®î®w®±Ý î®±±QãïÇ®‡®±S®¡®w¯ÝT›Nµ²ºl®± œ®±iÔu® œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®± N®³rS®¡®± Cªå‡®±î®ŠµS®² î®±±iÔŠ®u®, Š®²mÃS®q®‹Sµ° Oå°Çµ HxÝ›†iÔu®Û ïÇ®‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý B‡®±±ÛNµ²¡®ëqµ²l®Tu®Š®±. “„µ¡®S¯T w¯wµu®±Û ‡®¾¯‡®¾¯ÁŠ¯ wµwµ‡®¾¯ª” (þ°©S¹l®; œ®±ªåw® œµpSµ), …š®î®oØw® “Hw®Ý N¯Œµ° N®º…..” î®X®w®î®w®±Ý …Šµu® N¯S®u®î®¼ N®Œ¯N®³r‡®± „¯S®î¯Tu®±Û (y®¼Ç®Þ¯©), “JŸq®ãS®¡®±” ???(Eîµ±°ý¬), “yµ°cš¬ yÂ®äº A …xÁºS¬ ›I” (ي¬ Hw¬.d.L, „µºS®¡®²‹w® Eu®±Á î¯qµÁ S®Œ¯gµ ïÇ®‡®±î®w¯Ýu®‹›vÛu®±Û) Cq¯ãv Cu®NµÊ š¯¤.

 

 

 

iy®Þp:

N®w¯ÁhN®u® œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¡® …SµÌ N®¡µuµŠ®l®± u®ý®N®u® œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¡® …SµÌ …Šµu®î®Š®± ¯s®Á ‡®¾¯Oîµ²°ïb¬, œ¯w¬é ¯ãs®²ãš¬, š®±Šµ°ý¬ c‡®±Š¯º, i.Hw¬. N®³Ç®Øî®±²rÁ, l¯. þî¯w®ºu® …ºhw®²Š¬, ïu¯ã î®±q®±Ù §°x® î®±²rÁ, N®gµ°ý¬, Nµ.ï.š®±…䜮âoãº, Y.š®±.N®³Ç®ÝšµiÔ, l¯.B.©.w®Š®›ºœ®w¬, HX¬.H.AxŒ¬ N®±î®¾¯Š¬ î®±±ºq¯u®î®Š®±.

 

1* Nµ©î®¼ Yq®äN®Œ¯ïu®Š®w®±Ý ¯q®ä Yqµä°q®Š® ¯u®ãî®±S®¡® î®±²©N® y®äX¯Š®y®mš®±î®¼u®w®±Ý Ÿ°Š¯‰±N¬ w®Šµ°iî¬ (Nµ°ºu®ä N®s®w®) Hw®±Ýq¯ÙŠµ N®Œ¯ Crœ¯š®u® „¯ǵ‡®±ªå. IÇ®ã, BzÃäN® î®±±ºq¯u® ‡®±±Šµ²°-Aîµ±°‹N®w¬ A©åu® N®Œ¯„¯㚮S®¡®w®±Ý N®±‹q®ºqµ ¹w®î®Ÿš®±î®¼u®± D N®s®w®u® Kºu®± q®ºq®ä. ‘AºYw®ªåŠ®±î®¼u®w®±Ý î®±Šµš®±î®¼uµ°’ Nµ°ºu®ä N®s®w®S®¡® î®±±Qã X®h. AºYw®î®Š®² š®œ® q®î®±âuµ° ýµ¶ª‡®± N®s®w®î®w®±Ý š®³™Ôš®±î¯S® Nµ°ºu®ä-AºX®± Hº… u®æu®¡® ¯u®‹‡®±w®±Ý Aw®±š®‹›†l®±q¯ÙŠµ. Cu®± Ax®±Áîµ½° As®î® „µ°Šµ Ey¯‡®±S®¡®w®±Ý N®ºl®±Nµ²¡®ëŒ¯Š®u®î®Š®± ¯l®±î® Hl®î®h±ÔS®¡µ²° Hº…±uµ²ºu®± S®º†Ã°Š® y®äýµÝ. œµ„¯àŠ¬ œ¯S®² N®hy®Þw®î®Š® …SµÌ (¯q®ä) CŠ®±î® î®±²ã›‡®±ºS®¡®±, ®±š¯éu®î®‹Sµ ¯q®ä uµ²Š®N®±î® Nµ.N®hy®Þ y®äý®›Ù, ‘œ®l®y®u¬, þ°Œ¯ S¹l®‹ºu® N®äî®±…u®Üî¯T N®w¯ÁhN®u® Bu®±xN®qµ, œµ²š®-®±Ù …¡®Nµ î®±²m…ºvîµ’ Hº…ºq®œ® N®Œ¯Jrœ¯›N® ‘xï±Ár’–Cq¯ãvS®¡µ©å Cºq®œ® Nµ°ºu®ä N®s®w®NµÊ w®î®±âªå‡µ±° CŠ®±î® Aq®±ãq®Ùî®± š¯¤S®¡®±.

 

*2* Bu®±xN® œ¯S®² š®î®±N¯ª°w® „¯Š®r°‡®± u®³ý®ãN®Œ¯„¯ǵSµ CºTå™w®Ç®±Ô œµ²ºvNµ²¡®±ëî® uµ°þ°„¯ǯ y®u®S®¢©å. š®Ú¢°‡®± „¯ǵ‡®±ªå Aºq®œ® xU®ºhw®±Ý œ®±iÔœ¯N®±î® y®ä‡®±q®Ý (N®w®Ýl®u®©²å Cu®± BTuµ) œ¯š®ãvºu® BŠ®º†Ã› A„¯š®u®ªå Aºq®ãSµ²ºmuµ. wµŒ¯N®³r (As¬Áî®N¬Á-Eîµ±°ý¬, þ°Œ¯S¹l®Š® N®³rS®¡®±), Eq®Ùî®±y®mš®±ïNµ (Cºyµ½äšµ°Ç®w¬–›âq¯ N¯‹‡®±y®Þ, Š®ïN®±î®¾¯Š¬ N¯þ‡®±î®Š® N®³rS®¡®±), y®ärǯÕy®w¯ N®Œµ (Cw®éÉÔŒµå°Ç®w¬–Š®ºcx ýµhÔŠ¬, y®ä„¯î®r Cq¯ãv), qµ²l®T›Nµ²¡®±ëïNµ (œ¯ãy®xºS¬, y®y¯ÁŠ¬îµ±w¬é Bg¬Á-mºz ý¯) Cq¯ãv N®w®Ýl® y®u®S®¡®w®±Ý u®³ý®ãN®Œ¯ þ£®ou® y®‹vÇ®±ªå …¡®›u®Šµ Sµ²rÙ©åu® „¯ǵ‡®±w®±Ý Nµ°¢u® î®±±QX®œ®Šµ î®ãN®Ùî¯S®±î®¼u®± vh. Aºu®Šµ œµ²š® ®±ÙS®¡® š®³™Ô‡µ²ºvSµ CºTåǬ w®î®±â u®³ý®ãš®ºy®N®Á „¯ǵ‡®¾¯S ¯y®ÁiÔŠ®±î®¼u®² N®w®ÝmS® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®ªå BTŠ®±î® Kºu®± Bºq®‹N® „µ¡®î®pSµ.

 

*3* N®w®Ýl®u® œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®ŒµS®² N®w¯ÁhN®u® œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®ŒµS®² î®ãq¯ãš®ïuµ. ‡®¾¯Š®² N®w®Ýl® š®ºš®Êȳr‡®±w®²Ý, Au®Š®©²å š¯Ÿqµã°q®Š®î¯T …¡®š®±rÙu¯ÛŠµ²° Aºq®œ®î®Š®w®±Ý N®w®Ýl®u® œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®Œ¯ïu®Š® î®S®ÁNµÊ šµ°‹š®…œ®±u®±. “î®±±ºb¯wµ w¯wµu®±Û ‡®¾¯‡®¾¯ÁŠ® wµwµ‡®¾¯ª” Hº… þ°Œ¯S¹l®Š® N®³r (¯ãN¬éî®±±©åŠ¬ „®î®w®u® î®r‰±ºu® Yq®äN®Œ¯y®‹Ç®rÙw®ªå Iy®Ámš®Œ¯Tu®Û Kºu®± u®ý®N®u® Ÿºvw® š®î®±²œ® y®äu®ý®Áw®), y®¼Ç®Þ¯Œ¯Š® N®±ãŠµ°gµl¬ N®©Þwµ‡®¾¯u® “š®Ú¡®y®¼Š¯oS®¡®±”, B‡µ±Ç¯ A…䜯º š®ºš®Ê‹›u® q®w®Ý Ÿ‹‡®±Šµ²…àŠ® y®½î®Áš®³™Ô‡®¾¯u® „µºS®¡®²‹w® ïm‡µ²°, š®Ú¢°‡®± JŸq®ãu® …SµÌ Eîµ±°ý¬Š® ïm‡µ²° î®±±ºq¯u®î®¼ î¯X®ãu® qµNµÊ‡®± œµ²Š®Sµ N®w®Ýl®, N®w¯ÁhN®î®w®±Ý œµ°Sµ u®³ý¯ãq®âN®î¯T Š®²zš®…œ®±u®± Hº…±u®NµÊ Aq®±ãq®Ùî®± Eu¯œ®Š®nµS®¡®±.  

 

š®î®±N¯ª°w® ¯œ®qµ²°q®ÙŠ® Au®㇮±w®u® AºS®î¯T Cºq®œ® Au®㇮±w®S®¡®± Aîµ±°‹N®u® ïý®æïu¯ã©‡®±S®¡®Œ¯åTrÙŠ®±î®¼u®± Kºu®± î®ãºS®ã. N®w®Ýl®u® ïý®æïu¯ã©‡®±S®¡®ªå (CŠ®±î®¼uµ²ºuµ°) ‡®±±Šµ²°y®¼-Aîµ±°‹N®u® †¢‡®± î®oÁu®, y®¼Š®±Ç®ªºS®-Nµ°ºväq®î¯u® Au®㇮±w® N®äî®±î®w®±Ý …¡®›, œµ²š®î®š®±ÙN®³rS®¡® Au®㇮±w®î®w®±Ý …œ®± HX®Ï‹Nµ‰±ºu® u®²Š®ï‹›Š®±î®¼u®² B Aîµ±‹N®w¬ î®ãºS®ãî®wµÝ° N®±…ÑSµ²¢›†l®±q®Ùuµ. Aºu®Šµ, BtÁN®, š¯î®¾¯dN®, Š¯cO°‡®± Kq®Ùl®S®¡®w®±Ý œµ²Š®q®±y®m› Kºu®± wµ©u® š®ºš®Êȳr „ †º†q®î¯S®u®±. u®³ý®ã b¯w®y®u®îµº…±u®± D H©å AS®q®ãS®¡®w®±Ý y®½Šµ¶š®±î®¼u®‹ºu®, B ‘xï±Ár’‡®± œµ²Š®S®±¢u® œµ²š®î®š®±ÙS®¡® w®î®-b¯w®y®u® S®±oî®w®±Ý S®±rÁš®±î® ‘b¯nµâ’‡®±± u®³ý®ã Au®㇮±w¯ºS®NµÊ Cw®²Ý u®OÊ©å. Cu®NµÊ N¯Š®o, N®w®Ýl®u® œµ²š®î®š®±ÙS®¡® N®³rS®¡®ªåŠ®±î® ‘xî®ÁX®w®’ (mN®w¬š®ó£®w¬) S®±o. ‘N®³rš®³™Ô-y®äX¯Š®-îµ±YÏSµ-›æN¯Š®’ Hº… (N®w®Ýl®u®) Š®²mÃS®q® S®±oî®wµÝ° œµ²š®î®š®±ÙN®³rS®¡®± xî®ÁYš®±î®¼u®‹ºu® A®±S®¡µ©å „¹Sµ²°¢N®î¯T, q¯ræN®î¯T „µ°Šµªå‡µ²° š®©±åî®î®Š¯Tu¯ÛŠµ. Cy®Þq®Ùwµ ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® ¯w®›N® œ¯S®² uµ¶ŸN® ›S® š®ºš®Êȳr‡®± ý¯y®ïuµºu®± š®ºy®äu¯‡®±š®ÚŠ®± Sµ²oS®±î®¼u®± Cu®w®±Ý N®±‹qµ°–Ju®q®±Ù š¯ïŠ® Š®²S®¡® š®Ú¢°‡®± y®äý®›Ù y®lµu® Š®²mÃS®q® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± N®w®Ýl® y®räNµS®¡®ªå Š¯Š¯dš®±rÙu®ÛŠµ œ®q¯ÙŠ®± š¯ïŠ® y¹ºl¬S®¡® Aºq®Š®Š¯™ó°‡®± ¯w®ãqµ y®lµu® œµ²š®î®š®±Ù š®³™ÔN®q®ÁŠ®± Cªå ‡®¾¯‹S®² y®‹X®‡®±ï©åu®ºqµ Cu®±Û†l®±q¯ÙŠµ. š®î®¾¯cîµ½ºu®± q®w®Ýuµ° A¡®qµ‡®± y®‹vǵ²¡®Tw® š®³cw®þ°©Š®w®±Ý S®±rÁš®±î®ºqµ, q®w®Ý AºNµ ï±°‹ œµ²°u® q®w®Ý® …SµÌ ¹w®î®Ÿ›†l®±î®¼u®² EuµÛ°ý®y®½î®ÁN®. N®äîµ±°o, D î®±±ºYw® î¯N®ã š®î®±S®äî¯T q®w®Ý œµ²š® A¡®qµ‡®±w®±Ý š®³™Ô›Nµ²¡®±ëu®² Kºu®± N®±Xµ²°u®ãu® ïÇ®‡®±î®½ BT†l®±q®Ùuµ.

 

(N®w®Ýl® š®ºš®Êȳr‡®±w®±Ý ‘ïÇ®‡®±’î®w¯ÝT …¡®›Nµ²¡®±ëî® ‘î®±±ºb¯wµ w¯wµu®±Û ‡®¾¯‡®¾¯ÁŠ® wµwµ‡®¾¯ª’, ‘yµ°cš¬ yÂ®äº A …xÁºS¬ ›i’)

 

*4* N®w¯ÁhN®u® œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± q®î®±â N®³rS®¡®ªå væî®±±R š®æ‡®±ºŒµ°î®m‡®± (l®…Œ¬ JŠ®x) S®±oî®w®±Ý q®ºvŠ®±î®¼u®± Kºu®± Ay®Š®²y®u® „µ¡®î®pSµ. qµ¶©î®oÁî®w®±Ý …¡®š®±î®ºq®œ® Aî®±²©ã š®Ú¡®u®ªå š®S®p‡®±w®±Ý …¢vŠ®±î®¼u®± HŠ®l®± As®Á x°l®…©åu®± (þ°Œ¯S¹l®). ‡®±±S®‡®±±S¯ºq®Š®vºu® œµºS®š®Š®± „µŠ®p q®h±ÔrÙŠ®±î®¼u®w®±Ý Au®± wµw®zš®±q®Ùuµ, wµw®zš®…©åu®±. Bu®Šµ D ‘wµw®y®w®±Ý’ œµ°Sµ EvÛ°z›uµ Hº…±u®± î®±±Qã. bµ¶ïN®î¯u® ›ô° Nµ©š®uµ²ºvSµ S®±rÁ›Nµ²¡®±ëu®± Kºu®± š®Š®¡® N®äî®±. Bu®Šµ Au®NµÊ œµ²š®î®š®±Ùîµ° „µ°N¯TŠ®ª©å. qµ¶©î®oÁîµ° š¯N¯S®±rÙqµÙ°wµ²°. Bu®Šµ …ŸÇ®Ôîµx›u® ®±Ùî®w®±Ý N®Œ¯q®âN®î¯T S¹Š®î¯xæq®î¯u® N¯ãw¯æš¬-Dš®Œ¬ X¹N®iÔwµ²¡®NµÊ H¡µq®ºvŠ®±î®¼u®² Kºu®± î®ãºS®ã. ›ô°‡®±Š® š¯ºy®äu¯‰±N® Nµ©š®î®w®±Ý S®º†Ã°Š®î¯T Aw®±N®‹š®±î® D N®ä œ®©î®¼ î®ãºS®ã, N®±œ®N®î®w®±Ý N®Œ¯î®¾¯u®ãî®±uµ²¡®NµÊ šµ°y®Ámš®±q®Ùîµ. y®¼Ç®Þ¯©Š® yµ½°gµ²° š®Š®p‡®±± ›wµî®± î®±ºvŠ®u® yµ½°gµ²°S®¡® wµw®zš®±î®ºqµ, Au®± „µŠ®¡®± ¯l®±î®, Bu®Šµ C©åu® ›wµî®±î®w®±Ý wµw®z›u®ºqµ‡®¾± BT Aªå î®±qµÙ D î®ãºS®ã, N®±œ®±N®u® wµŠ®î®¼ …ºu®± šµ°y®Ál®±q®Ùuµ. Bu®±xNµ²°q®ÙŠ®u® î®±±Qã ©£®oS®¡®Œµ²åºu®± Cu®±. î®ãºS®ã-S¯º†Ã°‡®±Áu® w®l®±ïw® î®ãq¯ãš®î®w®±Ý A¢› œ¯N®±î® ‡®±q®Ý.

 

 

*5* Lv: Œµ°Qw®:…, Œµ°: HX¬. I. AxŒ¬ N®±î®¾¯Š¬, š®ºy¯u®N®: Aï±q¬ î®±±Pµ²°y¯u¯㇮±, Nµ°ºu®ä N¯ºgµy®Š®‹ ©ªq®N®Œ¯ AN¯lµï± y®†åNµ°Ç®w¬, š®ºYNµ š®ºPµã 46, 

 

*6* N®Œµ‡®± î®±²©N® î®ãµÚ ±u®Ü œµ²°S®±î®¼u®w®±Ý Aî®w¬S¯l¬Á Hw®Ý…œ®±u®±. Aºu®Šµ Au®± þ°U®äd°ï, œµX®±Ï N¯© „¯¡®Œ¯Š®u®ºq®œ®u®±Û. INµºu®Šµ xŠ®ºq®Š®î¯T y®är„®hwµ ¯l®±rÙu®ÛŠµ Au®± Kºu®± y¯ãÇ®w¬ BS®±q®Ùuµ As®î® Kºu®± x°rš®²q®äîµ° BT†l®±q®Ùuµ. Aî®w¬S¯l¬Á î®±²©q®: y¯ãÇ®w¬ œ¯S®² x°rš®²q®äî®wµÝ° îµ²u®ªSµ y®är„®iš®±î®¼u®±. q¯w®± ²°vÚ®±î®¼u®wµÝ° q¯w¯T œµ²°S®±î® Ay¯‡®± Aî®w¬S¯l¬Á œ¯S®² Au®w®±Ý Aw®±š®(N®)‹š®±î® œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®Œ¯ïu®‹Sµ xŠ®ºq®Š®î¯T N¯l®±î® š®î®±šµã. D N®©Þwµ‡®± š®Š®¡® LvS¯T wµ²°m: Ÿ©Ôw¬ N¯äî®±Š®w® “u® Ib¬ By¬ Aî®w¬S¯l¬Á 1850-1950”//