Khoj workshop (Mysore-2002 & Bangalore-2003): A Renewed Discourse for a Theoretic Background of Karnataka Visual Culture

Posted October 12th, 2008 by admin

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘Pµ²°b¬’ N®Œ¯ N¯‡®¾¯ÁS¯Š® (îµ±¶š®²Š®± œ¯S®² „µ0S®¡®²Š®±):

N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå u®³ý®ãš®0š®ÊȳrSµ œµ²š® î¯ãPµã‡®± q¯ræN® ŸwµÝŒµ

                                     

 

 

(A)

®±Ù As®ÁS®¡® Au®©±-…u®©±:

 

‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° „¹rN® ®±ÙïSµ ‘y¯q®ä’ î®±q®±Ù ‘Nµ©š®’îµ½0u®w®±Ý BŠµ²°z›u®Šµ B ®±Ù ‘w¯S®‹°N®qµ’‡®± y®u®Nµ²°ý®uµ²¡®NµÊ šµ°Š®±q®Ùuµ. C0vS®² w®î®±Sµ S®±rÁ©åu®, y®‹X®‡®±î¯S®vŠ®±î® ®±ÙS®¡® š®î®±²œ®î®wµÝ° w¯î®¼ ‘u®hÔ N¯l®±’ H0u®± N®Šµ‡®±±î®¼u®±. ‘y¯q®ä’ î®±q®±Ù ‘N¯‡®±Á’îµ° xu¯ÁŠ®î¯S®u® ®±Ùïw® w®l®î®¢Nµ‡®±wµÝ° ‘xS®²l®’îµ0u®± N®Šµ‡®±±qµÙ°îµ. As®Áî¯S®vŠ®±î®, As®Áïw®²Ý uµ²Š®N®vŠ®±î® ®±Ùîµ° ‘N¯l®±’. yµä0X¬ Y0q®N® ï±XµŒ¬ y®¼ÈãNµ² Cuµ° As®Áu®ªå …±vÜ¯0u®ã cw® î®±q®±Ù š®î®±±u®ä‡®¾¯qµä‡®± w®l®±î®o š¯0y®äu¯‰±N® š®0…0u®î®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± ï›Š®±î®¼u®± (y®¼š®ÙN®: ¯ãl¬wµš¬ A0l¬ ›ïŒµ¶šµ°Ç®w¬). N¯l®w®±Ý, š¯S®Š®î®w®±Ý ‘Au®Š®uµ° „¯ǵ‡®±ªå’ A‹‡®±±î® š¯î®±s®ãÁ ‘…±v۰¯0u®ãŠ®±’ H0u®± š®î®¾¯c ‡®¾¯Š®w®±Ý S®±rÁš®±q®Ùuµ‡µ²° A0q®œ®î®Š®ªå CŠ®±q®Ùuµ. D …±vÛ¯0u®ãîµ0… S®±o Aǵ԰w®² yµu®±Û y®u®î®©å. Eu¯œ®Š®nµSµ ›ÊŠµÄ²yµä°x‡®± H0…±u®± œ®qµ²Ù…q®Ùwµ° ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå K0u®± P¯‰±Œµ‡®¾¯Tu®±Û, Cy®Þq®Ùwµ° ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå, K…àwµ°/¡µ° î®ãOÙ‡®±± K0u®OÊ0q® œµX®±Ï î®ãOÙq®æS®¢0u® š®³cw¯q®âN®î¯T A†Ãî®ãOÙš®±î® N®äî®±î¯Tuµ H0u®± î¯ãw¬ Sµ²°w® N®³rS®¡® …SµÌ X®YÁš®±q®Ù Œµ°QN® zÃ䊮ľ¯y¬ N¯y¯ä K0uµlµ š®Þ™Ôy®m›u¯Ûwµ.

 

D ‘î®ãµÚSµ †Ãw®Ýî¯u®’, î®ãr‹N®Ùî¯u® î®ãOÙS®¡®± œ¯S®² A® w®l®î®¢Nµ œ¯S®² š®³™ÔS®¡®w®±Ý B0q®‡®±Áu®ªå Aw®±î®¾¯xš®±î®0q®œ®, Bu®Šµ š®œ¯w®±„®²r‰±u®Û0qµ w®iš®…œ®±u¯u®0q®œ® š®î®¾¯c w®î®±âu®±. xvÁÇ®Ô N®w®Ýl® š¯0š®ÊȳrN® cS®q®±Ù œ¯S®² N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå CrÙ°Yw® î®Ç®ÁS®¡®ªå î®±²m…0u® N®Œ¯š®³™Ô‡®±w®±Ý N®±‹qµ° w¯xªå …Šµ‡®±±rÙŠ®±î®¼u®±. C0q®œ®î®Š® u®³ý®ã„¯ǵ C0vS®² w¯S®‹°N®qµSµ Aš®Ëªq®î¯T‡µ±° E¢u®±†iÔuµ. îµ±¶š®²Š®± œ¯S®² „µ0S®¡®²‹w®ªå w®lµu® Pµ²°b¬ N®Œ¯N¯‡®¾¯ÁS¯Š®î®¼ D š®î®¾¯c œ¯S®² Au®Šµ²¡®Tx0u®, š®î®¾¯cNµÊ š®œ®c A†ÃyµéSµ î®ãr‹N®Ùî¯u® œµ²š® u®³ý®ãî¯ãPµã N®±‹q® Au®Š® Ÿyµ½OäiN®Œ¬ w®l®î®¢Nµ‡®±w®±Ý „µš®±Sµ œ¯OuµÛ° ïýµ°Ç®.

 

®±ÙïSµ As®Áî®w®±Ý BŠµ²°zš®±î®¼u®± w¯S®‹°N®qµ‡®± œ®¡µ‡®± X®h. K0u®± Al®Ö œ¯S®² Eu®Ûwµ y®iÔ Cu®ÛŠµ Au®± ‘N¯äš¬’ H0u®± As®Á. w¯î®±y®u®îµ0… (N¯äš¬) ®±ÙïSµ Nµäȶš®Ù u®Á/qµ¶©î®oÁ š®0y®äu¯‡®±îµ0„  ‡®±±S®¡® As®Á š¯u®ã. qµ¶©î®oÁ N¯ãw¯æ›w® îµ±°Œµ N¯p›u®Šµ Au®± u®³ý®ãN®Œµ‡®± ‘B›Ù’ H0u®² As®Á. Cªå O䇮¾¯y®u®îµ0… ®±ÙïSµ (qµ¶©î®oÁî®w®±Ý N¯ãw¯æ›Sµ ‘…¢‡®±±î®’) u®³ý®ãN®Œ¯ y®äN¯Š®îµ0… As®Á. Bu®Šµ As®Áîµ½0u®NµÊ, œµ²¡®ïSµ ®±Ùî®w®±Ý œµ²0v›—Au®± î®±±iÔwµ²°l®…œ®±u¯u®0q®œ® xc®±Ùîµ½° A©åîµ½°–œµ²0v›, š®³™Ô›u®±Û N®¡µuµŠµl®± u®ý®N®S®¡® N®w¯ÁhN® N®Œ¯ïu®Š® xc š¯u®wµ, œ¯Sµ ¯mu® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®uµÛ° xc š¯u®wµ‡®±² N®²l®!

 

Cu®w®±Ý q®q®æý¯š®ôîµxÝ As®î® N®Œ¯q®q®æîµxÝ. Bu®Šµ “As®ÁNµÊ° K0u®± ®±Ùïw® Š®²y® uµ²Š®O›Nµ²l®±î®¼u®±” ¯q®ä š®±©„®î¯T S®äŸš®Œ¯S®u® Bu®Šµ u®³ý®ãN®Œµ‡®±ªå š¯u®ãî¯TŠ®±î® Cy®Þq®Ùwµ° ý®q®î®¾¯w®u® K0u®± Š®²mÃ. (A) cî®±Áw¬ N®Œ¯ïu® bµ²°š®y¬ „¯‡®¾¬éw® î®±±Qã N®³rS®¡®±, (B) d°w¬ „¹v䌯l®Áw® y®ä›u®Ü Œµ°Qw® “HNµéÉÔ› By¬ N®î®±±ãxNµ°Ç®w¬” š¯Š®–Cµl®Š® š¯Š®Š®²y®îµ°wµ0u®Šµ (1) ‘As®ÁS®¡®wµÝ° ®±ÙS®¢Sµ BŠµ²°zš®…œ®±u®±, (2) ®±ÙS®¡® As®ÁS®¡®w®±Ý …u®ªš®…œ®±u®±, (3) î®±q®±Ù As®ÁS®¡µ° ®±ÙS®¡¯T†l®…©å’ H0…±u®±.

 

Bu®Šµ As®Áî®w®±Ý ‘®±Ù’î®w¯ÝTš®±î® N®Œµ, u®³ý®ãN®Œµ‡®±ªå, r°Š® CrÙ°Yw®u®² A©å. îµ²u®Œµ° K0u®± „¯î®NµÊ As®Á uµ²Š®O†iÔŠ®±î®¼u®‹0u® Au®w®²Ý ®±Ùîµ½0u®w®²Ý q¯¡µœ¯O†l®±î® š¯î®¾¯dN® u®³ý®ã š®0y®äu¯‡®±î®¼ CrÙ°XµSµ S®±rÁš®©ÞiÔuµ‡®±ÇµÔ°–bµ²°š®y¬ „¯‡®¾¬é, …²äš¬ w¯î®±w¬, lµ°ï±‡®±w¬ œ®š¬ÔÁ A0q®œ®î®Š® N®³rS®¡® î®±²©N®. qµ¶©î®oÁî®w®±Ý Sµ²°X®Š® ®±Ùïw® Aw®±N®Š®nµ‡®± Yq®äoNµÊ …¡®š®±î® …u®©± ®±Ùïw® ‘Sµ²°X®‹Nµ’‡®± Yq®äoNµÊ Au®w®±Ý …¡®›u®î®Š®± C0yµäÇ®xš¬Ô N®Œ¯ïu®Š®±. ®±Ù œ¯S®² Au®Š® As®Á, ®±ÙïSµ BŠµ²°zš®©ÞhÔ As®Á, As®ÁNµÊ BŠµ²°zš®©ÞhÔ î®š®±Ù, As®Áîµ° AsµÁ¶›Nµ²0l® Aî®±²q®Á ®±Ù—-D A0ý®S®¡®wµÝ° u®³ý®ãš®0š®ÊÈ´r‡®¾ Bu®±xN® y®äbµÝ H0u®± w¯î®¼ „¯±î®¼u®±, y®‹S®pš®±î®¼u®±.

 

(B)

 

2002Š®ªå îµ±¶š®²‹w®ªå œ¯S®² 2003Š®ªå „µ0S®¡®²‹w®ªå Pµ²°b¬ N®Œ¯-N¯‡®¾¯ÁS¯Š® Iy®ÁiÔq®±Ù. Pµ²°b¬ N¯‡®¾¯ÁS¯Š®u® BTw® Ju®± î®Ç®Áu® Crœ¯š®u®ªå îµ²u®© „¯‹Sµ, uµœ®ª‡®± œµ²Š®Sµ Iy®ÁiÔu®±Û N®w¯ÁhN® Š¯cãu®Œµå°, îµ±¶š®²‹w®ªå. ‘As®ÁS®¢Sµ ®±ÙS®¡®w®±Ý BŠµ²°z›Nµ²¡®±ëî®’ œµ²š® N®Œ¯z°¢Sµ‡®± cw®u®hÔnµ „µ0S®¡®²‹w® š®±q®Ùî®±±q®Ù©± œµX®±ÏrÙu®±Ûu®Û‹0u¯T, œµX®±ÏrÙu®±Ûu®Û‹0u®Œµ°, Pµ²°b¬ CªåSµ …Š®©± N¯Š®o±q®±. Au®± CªåSµ …0vq®± Hw®±Ýu®OÊ0q®©², …Šµ²°l®, ý¯0rxNµ°q®w®, Nµ²Œµ²Êq®Ùu®0q®œ® y®äî®±±Q N®Œµ‡®± þ£®o Nµ°0u®äS®¢Sµ, AS®¡® š®ï±°y®NµÊ œµ²°S®ª©åîµ0… A0ý®NµÊ N®w¯ÁhN®uµ²¡®Tw® ï†Ãw®Ý u®³ý®ãš®0š®Êȳr‡µ±° N¯Š®o. D î®±q®±Ù C0q®œ® Awµ°N® Š®²mÃS®q® As®î® ‘œµdîµ²°xN¬’, ýµä°pN®Š®oî®w®±Ý q®wµ²Ý°¡®Tx0u®Œµ° î®±±‹u®± œ¯Ou®±Û Cªåw® œµ²š®î®š®±Ù/œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®Œ¯N®³rS®¡® î®±±Qã š¯u®wµ N®²l®. bµ²qµSµ, HŒµålµ CŠ®±î®0qµ Cªå‡®±² ýµ¶£®pN® ‡®±uµ²¡®T0q® œµ²Š®Sµ° ®±Ù-As®Áu® î¯ãzÙ, y®ä‡µ²°S® œµYÏuµ H0u®± Pµ²°b¬ ®±Ùý®: KzÞNµ²0l®0q¯‡®±±Ù. A0q®Š®Š¯™ó°‡®± gµäȶ‡®¾¯0S®±ã©Š¬ Bg¬Á y¹0lµ°Ç®xÝw® Awµ°N® uµ°ý®S®¡® Awµ°N® A0S®S®¡®ªå K0u¯TŠ®±î® Pµ²°b¬ u®³ý®ãN¯‡®¾¯ÁS¯Š®u® î®±²Œµ²°uµÛ°ý®îµ0u®Šµ ‘N®Œµ‡®± y®‡®¾¯Á‡®± As¯Áw®±„®î®S®¡®w®±Ý ýµ²°vÚ®±î®¼u®±, œ¯Sµ ¯l®±rÙŠ®±î®î®‹Sµ yµ½ä°q¯éœ® x°l®±î®¼u®±, Au®Š® î®±²©N® î®±q®±Ù N®Œµ‡®± î®±²©N® œµ²š® X¹N®h±Ô œ¯S®² ¤rcS®¡®w®±Ý Awµæ°™›Nµ²¡®±ëu®±’.

 

1990‹0u® „µ0S®¡®²‹w®ªå …œ®±î¯T š®³™ÔSµ²0l® C0q®œ®î®Š® N®³rS®¢Sµ N®Œ¯q®q®æcÝ Œµ²ã°g¯l®Áw® Bu®±xN® œ¯S®² Bu®±xNµ²°q®ÙŠ®u® î¯ãPµã š®²N®Ùî¯T œµ²0u®±q®Ùuµ N®²l®:

 

“‡®¾¯î®¼u®w®±Ý u®³ý¯ãq®âN®î¯T xŠ®²zš®Œ¯S®±î®¼v©åîµ½° Au®w®±Ý ‘š®„µåȶ¬’ Hw®Ý…œ®±u®±. A0q®œ®, xŠ®²zš®Œ¯S®u®±u®Š® ‘š®²X®wµ’ x°l®±î® N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý Bu®±xN® H0q®©², xŠ®²zš®Œ¯S®u®±u®w®±Ý, xŠ®²zš®Œ¯S®u®±u®wµÝ° ‘xŠ®²z›’†l®±î® N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý Bu®±xNµ²°q®ÙŠ®îµ0q®©² N®Šµ‡®±…œ®±u®±.”

 

C0q®œ® Awµ°N® u®³ý®ãYœµÝS®¡®w®±Ý (N®Œ¯N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý) DS¯S®Œµ° Awµ°N® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± Cªå š®³™Ô›u®ÛŠ®±. ïýµ°Ç®îµ0u®Šµ K0uµ° „¹Sµ²°¢N® y®äuµ°ý®u®ªå CÇ®±Ô ïu®ã q¯ræN® š¯u®ãqµS®¡®w®±Ý, y®Š®š®ÞŠ® Aw®±N®Š®nµ Hxš®u®0qµ u®³ý®ãŠ®²y®N®u®ªå š®³™Ô›u® î®±qµ²Ù0u®± y®0S®l®î¯S®ª, FŠ¯S®ª° N®¡µu® HŠ®l®± u®ý®N®v0u® „¯Š®q®u®ªå C©å. H0.Hš¬. Eîµ±°ý¬ (“As¬Áî®N¬Á”), y®¼Ç®Þ¯©/†.HX¬. §°x®y®äš¯u¬ (“š®Ú¡®y®¼Š¯oS®¡®±”), BŠ¬.H0. œ®l®y®u¬ (“š®î®±²œ® þ©Þ”), þ°Œ¯S¹l® (š®S®p ¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¡®±), š®±Šµ°Q („¹åš¬ š®Š®p N®³rS®¡®±) î®±±0q¯u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š® N®³rS®¡® y®äu®ý®Áw®S®¡®± y®lµvŠ®±î® cw®z䇮±qµ Cu®NµÊ š¯¤.*

 

(C)

 

 

„µ0S®¡®²‹w® S¯ã©‹S®¡®ªå Nµ.d.š®±…䜮âoãw¬, šµ²°î®±w¯s¬ œµ²°Š¬ A0q®œ® y®äî®±±Q „¯Š®r°‡®± N®Œ¯ïu®Š® yµ¶0i0S¬, þ©ÞS®¡®w®±Ý š¯Š¯ A…䜯0 (“N®Œ¯‡®¾¯q®ä” S¯ã©‹ P¯ãr‡®±) y®äu®þÁš®±rÙu¯ÛS® Au®Nµ²Ê0u®± ‡®±c¯xNµ‡®± qµ²°‹Nµ Cq®±Ù. Cu®w®±Ý q¯ræN®Š®± ‘œµdîµ²°xN¬’ ýµä°p°N®Š®o Hw®±Ýq¯ÙŠµ. 90Š® w®0q®Š® „µ0S®¡®²Š®± î®±q®±Ù š®±q®Ùî®±±q®Ù© y®äuµ°ý®S®¡® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± š®³™Ô›u® N®Œ¯N®³rS®¡®ªå D ýµä°p°N®Š®u® xŠ¯N®Š®oïq®±Ù. œ¯Sµ ¯mu®î®Š®ªå …œ®±î®±0v …Šµ²°l® œ¯S®² ý¯0rxNµ°q®w®u® N®Œ¯ý¯ŒµS®¡®ªå œµYÏw® î¯ãš®0S® ¯m …0vu®Û®±. î®±q®²Ù ïýµ°Ç®îµ0u®Šµ N®w¯ÁhN®u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± Cµl®± b¯S®S®¡®w®±Ý œµ²Š®q®±y®m› „¯0„µ‡®± bµ.bµ.N®Œ¯ý¯Œµ‡®±ªå, uµœ®ª, …w¯Š®š¬ ïý®æïu¯ã©‡®±S®¡®ªå Lv …0u®î®Š®±, Xµ²°¡®î®±0l®©u® „¯S®î¯T …0u®î®Š®± S¯ã©‹S®¡®ªå y®äu®þÁš®±q®Ù, xvÁ™Ô ýµ¶ª°N®Š®ou® î¯ãzÙ‡µ²¡®Sµ° š®0X®‹š®±î®0q®œ®î®Š¯Tu®ÛŠ®±. y¯ä‡®±ý®: Au®Šµ²¡®Tx0u®Œµ° A®±S®¡®± q®î®±â îµ²°£®u® X¹N®hÔw®±Ý †m›iÔu®ÛŠµ0u®± N¯o±q®Ùuµ.

 

Aµ©å 1963-4Š® “ï yµ½°Š¬” Bu®±xN® X®¡®±î®¢‡®± q¯OÁN® A0Yw®ªåu®Û¯Tu®ÛŠ®±. …œ®±y¯©± Yq®äN¯Š®Š®±, w®0q®Š® î®±±u®äoN¯Š®Š®± œ¯S®² þªÞS®¡¯Tu®Û N®w¯ÁhN®u® D N®Œ¯ïu®Šµ©å

y®¼ÈãNµ²°w® “î¯g¬ Dš¬ Aw¬ Bs®Š¬ (‘N®Œ¯ïu®’ H0u®± LvNµ²¢ë)?” …u®ªSµ “ Dš¬ Aw¬ Bs®Š¬?” H0u®± Nµ°¢†l®„µ°N¯u®Ç®±Ô ýµ¶ª°N®Š®oî®w®±Ý Bq®±Nµ²0l®±, Au®Š® Œ¯„® y®lµ‡®±±rÙu®Û ‘‡®±OÙN®’ N®Œ¯ïu®Š¯Tu®ÛŠ®±. ‘‡®±OÙN®î¯T’ E¢‡®±„µ°N®± H0u®±Nµ²¡®±ëî® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± ¯q®ä xvÁ™Ô ýµ¶ªS®¡®w®±Ý Aw®±š®‹›u®Šµ0…±u®w®±Ý Cªå š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯T S®î®±xš®„µ°N®±. Bs®Š¬ As®î® ‘K…à N®Œ¯ïu®’ H0… S®äŸNµ‰±0u® œµ²Š®…0u®± š¯î®±²ŸN®î¯T K0u®± N®Œ¯î¯q¯î®Š®oî®w®±Ý A®±S®¡®± š®³™Ôš®±î® y®‹N®©Þwµ‡®±w®±Ý y®äb¯Ýy®½î®ÁN®î¯T xŠ¯N®‹š®±rÙu®ÛŠ®± N®²l®.** C0vS®² (…œ®±ý®: H0uµ0vS®²) C0q®œ®î®Š® N®³rS®¡®± š¹0u®‡®±Áý¯›ô°‡®± X¹N®iÔSµ x©±N®u®0q®œ®, Au®w®±Ý ï±°‹ œµ²°S®±î®0q®œ® š¯î®¾¯dN® œ¯S®² î®±w®:ý¯›ô°‡®± S®äŸNµ‡®± Ÿmq®NµÊ ›S®Œ¯Š®îµ°wµ²°!

 

 

(D)

S¯ã©‹ H0… š¯Ú®:

 

D S¯ã©‹ yµä°‹q® œµdîµ²°xN¬ ýµä°p°N®Š®o Cu®Û®ªå ‘As®ÁS®¡®wµÝ° ®±ÙS®¡®w¯ÝTš®±î® ¯0räN®qµ’

CŠ®ª©å H0…±u®± DS® Crœ¯š®î¯T œµ²°Tuµ. AŠµ î®±w®›éw® w¯Œ¯ÊŠ®± S¯ã©‹S®¡®± „µ0S®¡®²‹w®ªå q®Œµ HrÙu®Š®², Aw®ãî®±w®š®ÊŠ¯T C0q®œ® š¯0y®äu¯‰±N® ¯Š®±N®gµÔ uµ²Š®N®u® N®³rS®¢Sµ š®œ¯w®±„®²r î®ãN®Ùy®m›u®Š®², C0q®œ® Aî®w¬S¯l¬Á y®ä‡µ²°S®S®¢Sµ wµ°Š® S¯ã©‹ š¯q®q®ãqµ‡®±± œµX¯ÏT Iy®Ál®ª©å. îµ²u®©± š¯¤, w®0q®Š® ›Ê°–H0„µŠµl®± S¯ã©‹S®¡®ªå C0q®œ® N®³rS®¢Sµ xcN®²Ê yµ½ä°q¯éœ® INµ x°l®„µ°Nµ0…±u®Š® xc Sµ²rÙu®Û‹0u®Œµ²° Iwµ²°, AS®¡®ªå œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®³rS®¡® y®äu®ý®Áw®S®¡®± î®±²m…0u®î®¼. Bu®Šµ î®±±Qãî¯T œµ²š®î®š®±ÙS®¢S®² S¯ã©‹‡®± K¡¯0S®oN®²Ê š®0…0u® AÇ®ÔN®Êǵ԰.

 

CŠ®±î® î®ãµÚ ±u®Ü š®³cw¯q®âN®î¯T qµ²l®T›Nµ²¡®±ëu®w®±Ý, q®w®²â©N® IN®q¯w®î®©åu® î®±qµ²Ù0u®± î®ãµÚ‡®±w®±Ý œ®±h±Ôœ¯N®±î®¼u®w®±Ý Aî®w¬S¯l¬Á H0u®± N®Œ¯„¯ǵ‡®±ªå AsµÁ¶š®±qµÙ°îµ. Bu®Šµ Cu®± š®Š®¡® î¯ãP¯ãw®î®ÇµÔ°. Ÿ©Ôw¬ N¯äî®±Š®w®0q®œ® (Bq®w® cw®z䇮± y®¼š®ÙN®: ‘u® Ib¬ By¬ Aî®w¬S¯l¬Á, 1850-1950’) Œµ°QN®w® š®Š®¢°N®³q®w® As®Áïu®±. H©å î®ãµÚ ±u®Ü ‡®¾¯î¯S®©² y®är„®iš®±rÙu®ÛŠµ Au®NµÊ y®‡®¾¯Á‡®± BtÁN® „µ0…©î®½ „µ°N¯S®±q®Ùuµ. S¯ã©‹‡®± ¯Š®±N®gµÔ î®±q®±Ù S¯ã©‹‡®± (‘g¬N®²ã„¬ š®0y®äu¯‡®±’ Hw®±Ýq¯ÙŠµ Cu®w®±Ý) š¹0u®‡®±Áﱰ¯0šµ‡®±w®±Ý Aw®²dÁq®Sµ²¢›u®±Û „µ0S®¡®²Š®± š®±q®Ùî®±±q®Ùªw® œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®Œ¯ïu®Š® î®±±Qã š¯u®wµS®¡®Œµ²å0uµ0…±u®± xc. C0vw®î®ŠµïS®0q®², A0u®Šµ Pµ²°b¬ …Š®±î® î®±±0Xµ, …0u¯S® î®±q®±Ù œµ²°u® w®0q®Š®u® ‘C0vw®î®ŠµS®²’ D ¯q®± xc. Bu®Šµ Au®NµÊ y®‡®¾¯Á‡®± BtÁN®qµ‡®± š®œ¯‡®±u® Aî®ý®ãN®qµ‡®±² Cq®±Ù. A0q®ªå ‘ي¬’w®0q®œ® Hw¬.d.LS®¡® BtÁN® š®œ¯‡®± œ®‹u®± …0vq®±. D y¯ä‡µ²°cN®qµ‡®± Ÿ0vw® EuµÛ°ý®î®¼ Pµ²°b¬ îµ±¶š®²Š®± „µ0S®¡®²Š®w®±Ý y¯ä‡µ²°d›u®î®Š®Ç®±Ô qµŠµu® î®±w®u®0q®œ®u®²Û, wµ°Š®î®0rNµ‰±0u®©² N®²mŠ®ª©å H0…±u®± DS¯S®Œµ° ïvÃq®î¯Tuµ. A0u®Šµ ي¬ î®±²©N® y¯ä‡µ²°dq®Sµ²0l® ïïu® N®Œ¯ïu®Š® N®Œ¯N®³rS®¡µ©å, q®î®±â BtÁN® Aw¯ï±N®qµ‡®± c¯Û‹‡®±w®±Ý xŠ®0q®Š®î¯T œµ²rÙŠ®±q®Ùîµ H0…±u®± vh.***  Pµ²°b¬ C0q®ªå N®Œ¯N®³r‡µ²0u®w®±Ý K0u®± „¯î®w¯q®âN® ®±Ùîµ0u®± Ky®¼ÈÞq®Ù©² Au®Š® Eq®ÞrÙ‡®± „¹rN®, BtÁN® î®±²©u® ŸwµÝŒµ‡®±w®±Ý y¯Š®u®ý®ÁN®Sµ²¢›q®±Ù. N®Œ¯ïu®Š®w®²Ý B BtÁN® ›ÚrS®r‡®± BS®±œµ²°S®±S®¡® „¯S®î¯S®±î®0qµ‡®±² ¯mq®±Ù. ý®±u®Ü yµ¶0hŠ®±S®¡® ‘‡®±OÙN®qµ’ œ¯S®² ‘BtÁN® xS®²l®qµ’‡®±w®±Ý œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®±, Pµ²°b¬ xï±q®Ù qµ²lµu®± œ¯Ou®±Û Ÿ°Sµ. u®³ý®ãN®Œ¯š®³™Ô H0u®Šµ Klµ‡®±±î®¼u®±, š®³™Ôš®±î®¼u®± œ¯S®² œ®¡µ‡®±u®w®±Ý Klµ‡®±±î®¼u®Š® î®±²©N® „®²q®NµÊ° œµ²š® As®Á œ®X®±Ïî® œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u®î®Š® O䇵± œµX®±Ï ïý¯© î®±wµ²°„¯î®u®²Û BTŠ®±q®Ùuµ, zq®³œ®q¯ã S®±oî®w®²Ý œµ²0vŠ®±q®Ùuµ.

 

(E)

 

„µ0S®¡®²‹w®ªå 1990Š® u®ý®N®u®ªå ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° q®Š®œ®u® N®³rS®¢Sµ î®±±0…‰±, XµwµÝȶw®ªåŠ®±î®0q®œ® ¯Š®±N®gµÔ C©åuµ° œµ²°u®±u®± î®±q®±Ù …œ®±y¯©± N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± Nµ¡®î®±u®ãî®±î®S®Áv0u® …0u®u®±Û œµ²š®î®š®±Ù0u® N®³rŠ®Yš®©± î®±±Qã yµä°Š®nµS®¡®Œµ²å0u¯‰±q®±. œµ°Tu®ÛŠ®² BtÁN® …Œ uµ²Š®N®vŠ®±î¯S®, N®³r‡®± š®0Š®X®wµ‡®± î®±hÔu®ªå ‘N¯0yµ½äîµ±¶š¬’ BS®±î® Aî®ý®ãN®qµ C®¾¯Á‹S®² N¯oª©å. A0q®Š®Š¯™ó°‡®± BiÁš¬Ô-Cw¬-Šµ›lµw¬éS®¡®±, y®ärǯÕw®S®¡® œ®oN¯›w® š®œ¯‡®±, †‡®±w¯Œ¬S®¡®±, ‘l¯N®±ãîµ±0h’, Cq¯ãvS®¡®± ‘y®‡®¾¯Á‡®±-BtÁN® wµŒµS®¡¯T’ œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®Œ¯ïu®‹Sµ Bš®Šµ‡®¾¯T …0u®î®¼. 90‹0v°XµSµ œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± (N®w¯ÁhN®v0u®) y®lµu®±Nµ²0l® Cw¬Œ¯ãN¬, yµ½°l¬Á, X¯Œ¬éÁ µš¬ häš¬Ô By¬ C0m‡®±, ‡®±±wµšµ²Ê-Bý¬…S¬Á Cq¯ãv y®äý®›Ù, y®¼Š®š¯ÊŠ®S®¡® y®‡®¾¯Á‡®± š¯î®¾¯dN® š¹©„®ãu® y®iÔ‡®¾¯T, AN¯lµï± œ¯S®² S¯ã©‹S®¡® ýµä°p°N®Š®o/œµdîµ²xN¬ î®ãµÚ‡®±w®±Ý œµ²š® ¯u®ãî®± N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± q®zÞ›Nµ²¡®ë©± š®œ¯‡®±N®î¯‰±q®±. Cuµ²0u®± î®±œ¯w¬ y®Œ¯‡®±w®u® N®s®w®î®½ œ¹u®±. š¯u¯Š®o, ï±°m‡µ²°N®Š¬ N®Œ¯X®h±î®iNµS®¡® š®0y®äu¯‡®±v0u®Œµ° C0q®œ®î®Š®± y®Œ¯‡®±w®Sµ¶u®u®±Û.

 

N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå wµŒµ›, œµ²š®î®š®±Ù œ¯S®² œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u®ªå š®³cw®þ°©qµ‡®±w®±Ý š¯N¯Š®Sµ²¢›u® …œ®±y¯©± N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± î®±u®ãî®±î®S®Áv0u® …0u®î®Š®±. BtÁN® š®œ¯‡®± uµ²Š®O›Nµ²l®±î® S¯ã©‹ wµg¬î®N¬Á, y¯ä‡µ²°cN®qµ (š¯Þw®éŠ¬™y¬), Bl®ÁŠ¬î®N¬Á î®±±0q¯u®±î®¼S®¡®± CŠ®vu¯ÛS®, Cu®ÛŠ®² A Ÿ‹‡®± N®Œ¯ïu®Š® Ÿmq®u®ªåu¯ÛS®, O‹‡®±Š®± ¯mu® îµ²u®© Nµ©š®îµ0u®Šµ CåN®²Ê N¯Š®oî¯u® ýµ¶ª°N®Š®oî®wµÝ° œµ²Š®TiÔu®±Û. ýµ¶ª‡®± xŠ¯N®Š®oîµ0u®Šµ Dš®Œ¬ Yq®äN¯Š®Š®, q®w®²â©N® Nµäȶš®Ú u®Á yµä°‹q®, ‡®±±Šµ²°šµ0iäN¬, †¢‡®± S®0mw®, N®pØw® y¯yµ‡®± ‘xï±Ár‡®±’ (C0Tå°Ç¬ q®q®æý¯š®ôu®ªå Cu®w®±Ý ‘N®w¬š®óN¬Ô’ Aw®±Ýq¯ÙŠµ) xŠ¯N®Š®oîµ0q®©² B‰±q®±. î®±qµÙªå‡µ²° CŠ®±î®0q®©åuµ, Cªå Yq®ä, šµÊX®š¬, zä0g¬S®¡®± œ¯S®² œµ²š®î®š®±ÙS®¡® š®³™Ô‡®±w®±Ý KiÔSµ ¯l®…œ®±uµ° „µ°l®îµ° H0…±uµ²0u®± î®±±Qã db¯Ýšµ‡®¾¯T î®±²m…0vq®±, œ®q®±Ù î®Ç®Áu® Ÿ0uµ. DS® Av©å. B š®î®±šµã‰±©å. Au®NµÊ î®±±Qã N¯Š®o Ÿ°Tuµ:

 

u®³ý®ãN®³r Š®X®wµ‡®±± š¹0u®‡®±Áý¯›ô°‡®± (IšµÙiN¬é) wµŒµ‰±0u® Š¯cO°‡®± wµŒµSµ–HŒµålµ‡®¾¯u®0qµ– Cªå‡®±² …u®©±Sµ²0l®vÛuµ. Bu®Šµ š¹0u®‡®±ý¯š®ôî®w®± y®½oÁî¯T xŠ¯N®‹›©å. y¯ãŠ® IšµÙiN¬, B0i-IšµÙiN¬ î®±±0q¯u® X®XµÁS®¡¯u®Š®² š®œ®, š¹0u®‡®±Áý¯š®ôu® œµ²Š®S®±¢u® „¯î®S®¡®w®±ÝOÊš®±î® N®³rS®¡®± š®œ®cî¯T î®±²m…0vîµ. 90Š® u®ý®N®u®ªå b¯w¬ …cÁŠ®w® ª…Š®Œ¬ Hl®y®0t°‡®±qµ D N®w¯ÁhN®u® y®äS®ry®Š® N®Œ¯ïu®‹Sµ Ay¯ã‡®±î®¾¯w®î¯Tu®Ûªå, 90Š® A0YSµ C®uµ° N®³rS®¡®ªå B0i-IšµÙiN¬ î¯u®S®¡®± ïy®¼©î¯T†iÔu®Û. (Lv, ‘B0i IšµÙiN¬ Hšµé°š¬ Cw¬ yµ½°š¬Ô¯l®w¬Á N®©ÏŠ¬’, š®0: œ¯Œ¬ yµ½°š®ÔŠ¬) Eu¯œ®Š®nµSµ §°x¬ y®äš¯u®Š® “J Bš¬ Cw¬ C0m‡®±”î®±q®±Ù “š®Ú¡®y®¼Š¯oS®¡®±” N®³rS®¡®ªå ï°£®N® q®w®Ýuµ° uµ¶‡®±Áu® îµ±°Œµ‡µ±°, …‹S¯©ªå K¡®œµ²N®±Ê, „µ²0…±S®¡®w®±Ý Ÿmu®±, q®w®Ý uµ¶ŸN® š¯î®±s®ãÁu® Bu¯Š®u® îµ±°Œµ‡µ±° N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý S®äŸš®„µ°Oq®±Ù. Nµ©î®Š®± œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± …‹S¯©ªå K¡®y®äîµ°þš®©± xŠ¯N®‹›u®±u®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± š®æq®: D N®Œ¯ïu® ‘š®0N®±©’ š®0YNµ‡µ²0u®Š®ªå …Šµu®vÛuµ. ï°£®N®w® N®nµ²Ø°hîµ0… „¹rN® šµ²°0„µ°‹q®w®î®w®±Ý qµ²lµu®± œ¯Ou®±Û Pµ²°b¬ î®±±0Xµ BTu®Û, Pµ²°b¬ N¯‡®¾¯ÁS¯Š®NµÊ š®œ¯‡®±N®î¯u® K0u®± y¯q¯ä0q®Š®î®½ œ¹u®±. Cªå ª0l¯ w¯Oåw®¡® ›ô°î¯v q®N®Á K…à S®0l®±N®Œ¯ïu®w® î®±²©N® Aw®±Ç¯Õw®Sµ²0l®0qµ‡®±² B‡®±±Ù. ‘ï°£®N®w® N®oØ y¯yµ‰±0u® ¯q®ä N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý S®äŸš®±î®¼u®± Cw®±Ý¢u® uµ°œ®î®w®±Ý u®0mš®u®, u®³ý®ãN®³rS®¡®w®±Ý šµ°0vä°‡®± q®³zÙS¯T‡µ±° CŠ®±î® Jý¯Š¯ï± ïu¯w®S®¡®±’ H0u®± …Sµî® S®0l®±-yµä°‹q® …²Š®Ä¾¯æÁ š®0š®Êȳr‡®±w®±Ý î®±±‹u®0q¯‡®±±Ù-w¯Oåw®¡® y®äN¯Š®, N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå. Eîµ±°ý¬ î®±u®Ûw®œ®¢ë‡®± “As¬Áî®N¬Á”, îµ±¶š®²‹w® Š®0S¯‡®±ou®ªå š®³™ÔSµ²0l® Eîµ±°ý¬, Š®îµ±°ý¬ N®©²ÊŠ¬Š® “Bý®±þ©Þ”, þ°Œ¯S¹l®Š® “š¯¤ S®±l®Ö, š¯¤ Sµ²°lµ”, î®±q®±Ù C0q®œ® Awµ°N® N®³rS®¡®± ï°£®N®w®, N®oØwµ²°hNµÊ° ›°ï±q®î¯S®±î® S®0l®±-yµä°‹q® ‡®±±Šµ²°z‡®±w¬ …²Š®Ä¾¯æÁ N®Œ¯S®äŸN¯ N®äî®±î®wµÝ° Š®²y¯0q®‹›vÛuµ. 

 

 (F)

 

D îµ²u®Œµ° œµ°¢u®0qµ (A) š¹0u®‡®±Áý¯š®ôu® Crï±rS®¡®w®±Ý xŠ®²z›u®±Û, (B) u®³ý®ãš®0š®Êȳr‡®±w®±Ý B Crï±r‡®¾¯XµSµ u¯i›u®±Û D HŠ®l®± u®ý®N®S®¡® N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå î®±²mu® N®³rS®¡® Kg¯ÔŠµ š¯u®wµ N®²l®. (C) ›ô°î¯v Y0q®wµSµ œµ²š® î¯ãPµã …Šµu®u®²Û K0u®± š¯u®wµ‡µ±°.

 

ý¯0q¯î®±p, y®¼Ç®Þ¯©, š®±Šµ°Q, þ°Œ¯S¹l®, ©ªq¯ ý®0N®Š¬, B‡µ±ý¯ A…䜯0, y®ä„¯î®r îµ±y¯Þ‰±Œ¬ î®±±0q¯u®î®Šµ©å K0u®s®Áu®ªå ›ô°î¯u®u® q¯OÁN®, î¯YN® A†Ãî®ãOÙ‡®± …SµÌ š®0Nµ²°X®u®î®Š¯TŠ®…œ®±u®±. Bu®Šµ ª0l® w¯Oåw¬¡®0q®œ® î¯u® C® N®³rS®¡®ªå œµ²š® As®ÁS®¡®w®±Ý y®lµu®±Nµ²¡®±ëq®Ùîµ. Eu¯œ®Š®nµSµ w¯Oåw®¡® î¯u®u® y®äN¯Š® š®î®±š®Ù cS®q®Ùw®±Ý î®±w®±c/S®0l®±, ‘î®±w®±Ç®ãw® š®æq®±Ù’ H0u®± „¯±î®¼u®± Cq®Šµ y¯äpš®0N®±©u® œ¯S®² „®²ï±‡µ±0… œµpØw® Kg¯ÔŠµ š¯æî®±ãu® xŠ¯N®Š®o±q®±. î®±q®±Ù D S®0l®±, š®æq®±Ù, u®³ý®ã, q®N®Á, ïî®±ýµÁ, y®äN®³r—D BŠ®± A0ý®S®¡®wµÝ° N®w¯ÁhN®u® N®Œ¯ïuµ‡®±Š®± N®¡µuµŠµl®± u®ý®N®S®¢0u® wµ°Š®î¯T, Aw¯ãs®Áî¯T (AªSµ²‹N¬) q®î®±â N®³rS®¡®ªå, N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý Š®²zš®±q®Ù …0vŠ®±î®¼u®±. Eu¯œ®Š®nµSµ þ°Œ¯S¹l®Š® š®S®p‡®± …¡®Nµ‡®±± q¯OÁN®î¯T „¯Š®r°‡®± œ®¢ë‡®± œµpØw® rÙš®²X®N® H0u®Šµ Au® w¯Oåw®¡® y®äN¯Š® S®0l®±-xï±Áq® q®N®Áv0u® „µŠ®p‡®±w®±Ý ‘u®³ý®ãî¯T’, ‘S¯äï±°o’îµ0… š®0š®Êȳr‡®± (w®S®Š® š®0š®ÊȳrSµ ±u®Üî¯T) ‘š®æq¯ÙT’ ïî®±ýµÁSµ²mÖ†l®±î® š¹0u®‡®±Áý¯›ô°‡®± S®äŸN¯ N®äî®±uµ²¡®NµÊ š®±©„®î¯T šµ°‹›†l®±î® Ay¯‡®±ïuµ. w¯Oåw®¡® y®äN¯Š® †¢‡®±, ‡®±±Šµ²°z‡®±w¬ S®0l®± xï±Áq® q®N®Á…u®Üî¯u® ïî®±ýµÁSµ ±u®Üî¯u® Š®±u®ãS®¡® (y¯ãŠ®l¯N¬é) wµŒµ‡®±ªåh±Ô C0q®œ® N®³rS®¡®w®±Ý S®äŸš®„µ°N®±. ‘K0u®± N®³r‡®±w®±Ý S®äŸš®±î® N®ä K0u®± Š¯cO°‡®± B‡µ±Ê’ H0u®0q¯S®±q®Ùvªå. œµX®²Ï N®mîµ± îµ±°Œ¯Êp›u® N®Œ¯ïuµ‡®±Š® N®³rS®¡µ©å A0q®œ® l®‡®±ŒµOÔN¬–A0u®Šµ y®Š® œ¯S®² ±u®Üîµ0…–î¯u®î®w®±Ý ï±°‹, K0u®± u®³ý®ãš®0î¯u®î¯T Š®²y®¼Sµ²0mîµ/Š®²y®¼Sµ²¡®ë„µ°Ouµ. Bu®Û‹0u®Œµ° qµ¶©î®pÁS®Š®± †mš®©± š®0Nµ²°Yš®±rÙu®Û, xŠ¯N®‹š®±rÙu®Û Š¯î®±w®w®±Ý š®±Šµ°Q, …š®î®oØw®w®±Ý y®¼Ç®Þ, cw®-y®u®î®w®±Ý þ°©, N®²ªNµ¶S®¡®w®±Ý ý¯0q¯î®±p î®±±0q¯u®î®Š®± œµ²š® u®³ý®ãî¯ãPµã‡®± š®±y®vÁSµ KzÞ›u®±Û. A0u®Šµ ïî®±ýµÁ ¯l®„µ°Ou®Û Nµ©š®î®w®±Ý š®æq®: N®³rS®¡®± Nµ¶SµrÙNµ²0l®î®¼. Sµä°S®‹ A©âŠ®w®± xŠ®²zš®±î®0qµ ïî®±ýµÁ‡®± N¯‡®±Á q¯w®± xŠ®±Oš®±rÙŠ®±î® N®³r‡®± Nµ²Œ¯b¬ ¯l®±î®¼u®Š®Œµå° î®±±Tu®±œµ²°u¯S®, Ÿ°Sµ N®³rS®¡µ° B Nµ²Œ¯b¬/ïî®±ýµÁ‡®± N¯‡®±Áî®w®±Ý †Ãw®Ýî¯Tš®±q®Ùîµ. ïî®±ýµÁ‡®± ‡®±±S®î®¼ î®±±Tu® îµ±°Œµ š®³™ÔSµ²0l® N®³rS®¡®± N®w¯ÁhN®u® œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®± N®³rS®¡®±.  Ԋ¬ „µ0cï±w®w® î¯u®u® y®äN¯Š® Z¯‡®¾¯Yq®äu® Awµæ°Ç®nµ‡®± w®0q®Š®u® N®Œ¯N®³rS®², Au®Š® î®±±0Yw® N®Œ¯N®³rS®² î®ãq¯ãš®ïu®Û0qµ N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå qµ¶©î®oÁ ïî®±ý¯Á‡®±±S®NµÊ ±0Yw®u¯Ûu®Šµ w®0q®Š®u®±Û œµ²š®î®š®±Ù N®³rS®¡®±. D N®³rS®¡®± š®æq®: „®²q®u®ªå BTœµ²°u® N®³r œ¯S®² X®XµÁS®¡® Kg¯ÔŠµ îµ²q®Ù œ¹u®±. (Lv: Œµ°Qw®: ‘B„µÑN¬Ô By¬ yµ½°š¬Ô-Oäi›š®0’, Œµ°: SµäS®‹ A©âŠ¬, 1984).

 

(G±)

 

Eu®±Á î¯qµÁ y®äš¯Š®u® S®©„µ‡®±w¯ÝS®ª, „µ0S®¡®²‹w®0q®œ® FŠ®wµÝ° ïÇ®‡®±î®w¯ÝT‡®¾¯S®ª N®Œ¯ý¯ŒµS®¡®, qµ¶©î®pÁS®Š® š¹0u®‡®±Áý¯š®ôu® ¯y®N®î®¼ Ÿmv‹š®±î®¼u®± Aš¯u®ã. œµ²š® (¯u®ãî®±u®) N®³rS®¢Sµ wµŒµ‡®¾¯Tu®Û „µ0S®¡®²Šµ°, š®æq®: B ¯u®ãî®±S®¢Sµ° O䇮¾¯q®âN® ‘®±Ù’î¯T†iÔu®±Û K0u®± ïýµ°Ç®. ï±NµŒµ0bµŒµ²° ïw¯ãš®Sµ²¢›u®wµ0… N¯Š®oNµÊ î¯ãiN®w¬ Œµ¶…ä‹ š®æq®: K0u®± î®±²ã›‡®±0 Bu®0qµ u®³ý®ãN®Œµ‡®± xiÔw® „µ0S®¡®²‹w® N®sµ‡®±² š®œ®. š®±Šµ°ý¬ N®±î®¾¯Š®Š® “I.i.z N¹0hŠ¬”, š®±Šµ°QŠ® “l®± w¯g¬ ‡®±±‹wµ°g¬–H0.d.Šµ²°l¬”w®0qµ „µ0S®¡®²‹Sµ, Au®Š® „®²y®h œ¯S®² J.i.î®X®Á›éT0q®©² †Ãw®Ýî¯u® î®ãOÙq®æ x°mu®î®¼ D î®±q®±Ù C0q®œ® N®³rS®¡®±. “š®Ú¡® xvÁǮԔqµ‡µ±0…±u®± D N®³rS®¡® d°î¯¡®î®½ œ¹u®±. ‘ý®0N®Š®’u®0q®œ® y¯¡®±†u®Û y¯ãN®Ô‹Sµ K0u®± y®¼w®Š¬Š®²zq®, y®¼w®cÁw®â x°mu® D N®Œ¯ïu®‹Sµ (“J Bš¬ Cw¬ C0m‡®±”, ي¬ y¯ä‡µ²°d›u® “gµ‹h‹: Aw¬ Bg¬Á Dîµ0g¬” Cq¯ãv), Ÿ°Sµ ¯l®©± K0u®± ‡®±OÙN® N¯Š®o Cq®±Ù. Auµ°wµ0u®Šµ, 1970, 80Š® u®ý®N®u®ªå AŠµ…Šµ w®S®Š®î¯Tu®Û „µ0S®¡®²‹w®Œµå° œ®±iÔ „µ¡µu®±, Au®± q®î®±â î®±u®ãî®±î®TÁ°‡®± S®±oî®w®±Ý N®¡µu®±Nµ²¡®±ërÙu®Û0qµ, q®î®±â š®©±î¯Sµ° K0u®± ‘AªSµ²‹N¬ (Aw¯ãs®Á) „µ0S®¡®²Š®w®±Ý’ š®³™Ô›Nµ²¡®±ëî® q®±q®±Á D N®Œ¯ïu®‹Tq®±Ù. ïýµ°Ç®îµ0u®Šµ œµ²Š®Tw®î®Š¯T q®î®±âw®±Ý š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯T S®±rÁ›Nµ²0l®î®Š®±, Š®²mÃS®q® ¯u®ãî®±NµÊ A0iNµ²0l®î®Š®ªå D w®S®Š®-q®î®±âq®w®îµw®±Ýu®Š® Aî®ý®ãN®qµ‡µ±° E0g¯S®ª©åîµ0…±u®±!

 

1990‹0u® 2002Š® w®l®±î®o B œ®wµÝŠµl®± î®Ç®ÁS®¡µ0u®Šµ HŠ®l®± u®ý®N®S®¡®² œ¹u®±, K0u®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®î®½ œ¹u®±. u®³ý®ãN®Œµ‡®±ªå š¯ïŠ® î®Ç®ÁS®¢0u® BS®vu®Û …u®Œ¯î®nµS®¡®± N®¡µu® ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®Œ¯å‰±q®±. K0u®± ý®q®î®¾¯w®u®ªå BS®u®±uµ©å Nµ²wµ‡®± K0uµ° u®ý®N®u®ªå BTœµ²°‰±q®±. cS®rÙw® N®Œ¯Crœ¯š®u® ïÇ®‡®±u®©²å Cu®± xc. N®w¯ÁhN®u®ªå 1980 œ¯S®² 90Š® u®ý®N®S®¡®ªå Bu®±u®² œµX®²Ï N®mîµ± Cuµ°.

 

D A‡µ²°î®±‡®± N¯©u®ªå „µ0S®¡®²Š®± œ¯S®² Au®Š® š®±q®Ùî®±±q®Ù©² y®äuµ°ý®S®¡®ªå Nµ©î®¼ „¹rN® ®±ÙS®¢Sµ ïýµ°Ç® As®ÁS®¡®± œ¯S®² B As®ÁS®¢Sµ ïþÇ®Ô š¯0š®ÊȳrN® „µŒµ‡®±² uµ²Š®N®qµ²l®Tu®î®¼. ®±ÙS®¢Sµ As®Á uµ²Š®N®±q®Ùîµ½° As®î® As®ÁS®¡µ° ®±ÙS®¡¯T Š®²y®¼Sµ²¡®±ëq®Ùîµ½° H0… HŠ®l®± š¯ïŠ® î®Ç®ÁS®¡® š¯0š®ÊȳrN® qµ²¡®Œ¯hu® N®s®w®u® š¯Š®Š®²y®îµ° Pµ²°b¬ î®±±0Xµ, Pµ²°b¬ N¯©NµÊ œ¯S®² Pµ²°b¬ w®0q®Š® N®w¯ÁhN®u®©±å0g¯u® œµ²š®î®š®±Ù u®³ý®ãš®³™Ô‡®± N®sµ‡®±² œ¹u®±.

 

Cu®Š® H©å Nµämg¬ œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¢Sµ° œµ²°S®„µ°Nµ0uµ°x©å. Bu®Šµ Au®Šµ ›0œ®y¯ªw® …SµÌ Aw®±î®¾¯w®î®½ š®©åu®±. A0q®Š®Š¯™ó°‡®± Pµ²°b¬ N®Œ¯N¯‡®¾¯ÁS¯Š® 2002 œ¯S®² 2003 N®w¯ÁhN®u®Œ¯åu®±u®±, D b¯S®îµ° B N¯‡®¾¯ÁS¯Š® w®lµ‡®±©± š®²N®Ùîµxš®©± DS¯S®Œµ° Cªå A0q®œ® N®Œµ‡®± œµ²š® î¯ãPµã š¯u®ãî¯TvÛu®±Û, Pµ²°b¬ w®0q®Š®, Au®Š® y®ä„¯î®v0u®Œµ° N®¡µuµ¶u®± î®Ç®ÁS®¢0u® BTŠ®…œ®±u¯u®0q®œ® u®³ý®ãš®0š®Êȳr‡®± œµ²š® î¯ãN®Š®o Cq¯ãvS®¡® …SµÌ K0u®± y®¤wµ²°hîµ°, œ®©î®¼ œµ²š® A0ý®S®¡® S®±rÁš®±ïNµ‡µ±° D Œµ°Qw®u® š¯Š®. D N¯ãhŒ¯Tw® ¯s¯Á ‡®¾¯Oîµ²°ïX¬ œ¯S®² š®±Šµ°ý¬ c‡®±Š¯î®±Š® Œµ°Qw®S®¡®± D HŠ®l®± N¯‡®¾¯ÁS¯Š®S®¡® „¹rN® ï®nµS®¡®w®±Ý ïy®¼©î¯T x°mŠ®±î®¼u®‹0u®, y®¼w®Š®±N®Ùî¯S®„¯Š®uµ0u®±, š®²N®Ùîµx›u® Eu¯œ®Š®wµS®¡®w®±Ý ¯q®ä B‡®±±ÛNµ²0muµÛ°wµ.

 

iy®Þp:

 

* A0q®œ® N®³rS®¡®± š®³™ÔSµ²0l® î®Ç®Á, ¯u®ãî®± Cq¯ãvS®¡® ïy®¼© Eu¯œ®Š®nµS®¡®± œ¯S®² ï®nµS®¢S¯T Cuµ° N¯ãhŒ¯Tw®ªåŠ®±î® š®±Šµ°ý¬ c‡®±Š¯0Š® œ¯S®² ¯s¯Á ‡®¾¯Oîµ²°ïX¬Š® C0TåǬ Œµ°Qw® Lv.

 

** w¯ŒµÊȶu®± u®ý®N®S®¢0u® N®äî®±…u®Üî¯T N®©Êq®Ù, ý¯0rxNµ°q®w®, bµ.b¬.N®Œ¯ý¯Œµ, Xµ²°¡®î®±0l®© œ¯S®² …Šµ²°l®u®ªå N®ªq®± …0u® N®w¯ÁhN®u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®± Cå ý¯ŒµS®¡® î®±²© y¯j®S®¡®w®±Ý xŠ¯N®‹š®±î®0qµ î®rÁ›u®±Û N®w¯ÁhN®uµÛ° ïýµ°Ç® S®±oîµ° CŠ®„µ°N®±. Auµ°wµ0u®Šµ, C®ªå ‡®¾¯Š®², Cµ©åŠ®² N®Œ¯š®î®±²œ®îµ½0u®w®±Ý š®î®±s®Áî¯T (Pµ²°b¬ Cu®Û0qµ) N®hÔ©± Aš®î®±s®ÁŠ¯u®Š®±. Cµ©å, ‘N®Œ¯îµ±°¡®’î®w®²Ý šµ°‹›u®0qµ Kg¯ÔT šµ°‹u® Awµ°N® š®0u®„®ÁS®¡® N¯Š®o u®³ý®ãy®äbµÝ‡®±w®±Ý ًš®±î®¼uµ° BTq®±Ù. Bu®Šµ Bu®±u®± ¯q®ä K0u®± KN®²Êh, K0u®± Eq®éî®u®, Eq¯éœ®u® y®äu®ý®Áw®. C0q®œ®î®Šµ©å Aš®ª‡®¾¯T N®ªq® ý¯ŒµS®¡® î®±²©y¯j®îµ° Cªå xŠ¯N®³q®Sµ²0l®u®±Û Jrœ¯›N®î¯T …œ®¡® y®äî®±±Qî¯u®±u®±. Cuµ° N¯Š®oNµÊ° N®w¯ÁhN®u® N®Œ¯ïu®Š®w®±Ý „¯Š®r°‡®± ýµ¶£®pN® N®Œ¯Crœ¯š®u®ªå Aw®±y®›Úq®Sµ²¢›Š®±î®¼u®w®±Ý wµwµ›Nµ²0l®Šµ, D xŠ¯N®Š®ou® y¯äî®±±Qãqµ, œ¯S®² Pµ²°b¬ (îµ±¶š®²Š®±, „µ0S®¡®²Š®±) D xŠ¯N®Š®oî®wµÝ° xŠ¯N®‹š®±î®q®Ù ¯mu® y®ä‡®±q®Ýî®w®±Ý S®î®±x›u®Šµ–D HŠ®l®Š® y¯äî®±±Qãqµ‡®± A‹î¯S®±q®Ùuµ.

 

*** „µ0S®¡®²Š®± w®S®Š®î®¼ œµ²š®î®š®±Ù/œµ²š®î®¾¯u®ãî®±u® N®³rS®¢Sµ q¯oî¯T w®0q®Š® š®²ÞrÁ‡®¾¯T Nµ²wµSµ ïÇ®‡®±îµ° BTœµ²u® ï®u®ªå ‘ي¬’w® y¯q®äî®w®±Ý N®±‹q®± Lv: Œµ°Qw®, “gµä0l¬é, îµ²°iî¬é A0l¬ AzÃxi°š¬ Cw¬ u® Bg¬Á By¬ N¯0gµyµ½Š®‹ N®w¯ÁhN® Bg¬Á”, ©ªq®N®Œ¯ N¯0gµ0yµ½Š®‹, š®0YNµ 46, š®0: Aï±q¬ î®±±Pµ²°y¯u¯㇮±, w®î®uµœ®ª, 2002.///